AMMONIA

1) NAME THE FOLLOWING:

 

a) products obtained by burning Ammonia in Oxygen.

b) Gas obtained by treating chlorine in excess with ammonia.

c) solid obtained by passing Ammonia over heated copper oxide .

d) products obtained when a mixture of ammonia and oxygen is passed over heated Platinum.

e) Gas obtained by treating metallic nitrides with hot water.

f) substance used to dry Ammonia .

g) raw materials used in the laboratory preparation of ammonia.

h) product obtained by treating chlorine in excess of ammonia.

i) basic gas that is used as a refrigerant.

j) salt known as salt ammonia.

k) salt used to clean metal surfaces before soldering tinning, etc.

l) Salt used in dry cells.

m) ammonium salt used in the preparation of alume.

n) ammonium salt used in explosives.

o) products obtained by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia.

p) A gas which turns moist red litmus blue and reduces copper oxide to copper.

q) the gas evolved when calcium hydroxide and Ammonium chloride are heated.

r) A gas whose solution in water is alkaline.

s) a compound which on heating with Sodium Hydroxide produces a gas which forms dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride.

B) STATE WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE. ALSO CORRECT THE INCORRECT STATEMENTS:

a) Platinum is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of ammonia by Haber's process.

b) A solution of ammonia dissolve in water is called liquid ammonia.

c) In the laboratory preparation of ammonia, ammonia is collected by upward displacement of air.

d) In the manufacture of ammonia by Haber's process. the reactants nitrogen and hydrogen are taken in the ratio of 3:1 by volume.

e) concentrated sulphuric acid can be used as a drying agent for Ammonia gas.

f) ammonium Hydroxide reacts with iron sulphate to form reddish brown precipitate of iron Hydroxide.

g) Ammonia gas can be identified with its strong rotten eggs smell.

h) a mixture of Ammonium Nitrate and slaked lime is used in the laboratory preparation of ammonia.

i) all ammonium salts on heating decomposes to liberate ammonia gas.

C) GIVE REASONS:

a) ammonia is to present in sewage water.

b) Ammonia cannot be collected over Water.

c) aqueous solution of ammonia gives a pungent smell.

d) Ammonia solution is used as a laboratory reagent to identify metal ions.

e) Ammonia solution is used to remove oil and grease.

f) liquid ammonia used as refrigerant.

D) ANSWER THE FOLLOWINGS:

1) Ammonia gives dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride gas. Name another gas which also gives white fumes.

2) During laboratory preparation, how is ammonia dried and collected ?

3) How would you distinguish between Zn² and Pb² using ammonium Hydroxide solution?

4) How are the following conversations brought about ? Give equations?

a) Ammonium chloride to ammonia

b) Sodium hydroxide to ammonia.

5) How is liquor ammonia different from liquid ammonia?

6) The following reactions are carried out:

A: nitrogen+ metal-->compound X

B: X+ water--> ammonia+ another compound

C: ammonia+ metal oxide--> metal+ water+ nitrogen.

     One metal that can be used for reaction A is magnesium.

a) Write the formula of the compound X formed when nitrogen and magnesium react together.

b) Write the correctly balanced equation for reaction B where X is the compound formed between nitrogen and magnesium.

c) What property of ammonia is demonstrated by reaction C?

7) Industrially ammonia is obtained by direct combination between nitrogen and hydrogen.

a) write the correctly balanced equation for the direct combination of Nitrogen with hydrogen.

b) which of the metal, Iron, Platinum or copper catalyze this direct combination?

c) is the formation of ammonia promoted by the use of high pressure or low pressure ?

8)a) is ammonia more than dense or less dense than air? 

b) what property ammonia is demonstrated by the fountain experiment ?

c) write the correctly balanced equation for the reaction between Ammonia and sulphuric acid.

9)a) which feature of ammonia molecule leads to the formation of the ammonia dissolves in water?

b) name the other Ion formed when Ammonia dissolve in water.

c) Give one test that can be used to detect the presence of the ion produced in (b).

10)a) Of two gases, Ammonia and hydrogen chloride, which is more dense ? Name the method of collection of the gas ?

b) give one example of a reaction between the above two gases which produces a solid compound.

11)a) what is the purpose of the Haber's process ?

b) name the gaseous inputs of the Haber's process and state the ratio by volume in which the gases are mixed.

c) what is done to increase the rate of a reaction in Haber's process ?

d) give two different ways by which the product can be separated from the reactants.

12)a) how soluble is ammonia in water ?

b) give two reasons to show that the solution of ammonia in water contains contains hydroxide ions.

c) Name a simple method you would employ to prepare ammonium salts in your laboratory.

E) OBSERVATION QUESTIONS:

1) when water is poured over aluminium nitride (AIN)?

2) when ammonia is bubbled through red litmus solution?

3) when a piece of moist red litmus paper is placed in a glass jar of ammonia.

F) BALANCE THE FOLLOWING:

 

1) 2NH₄Cl + Ca(OH) ₂ --> CaCl₂ + 2H₂O + 2NH₃ .

2) ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide are heated.

3) chlorine with excess of ammonia

4) Ammonia sulphate from ammonia and dilute sulphuric acid.

5) NH₃+ Cl₂--> ____+ ______

6) 2NH₄OH(aq) + H₂SO₄ --> ___+ ___

7) 8NH₃+ 3Cl₂--> ____+____

8) CuO + NH₃-->___+___+____

9) 4NH₃+ 5H₂O --> ___+_____

G) Select from the list given below (A to F). The one substance which matches the given description.

A. Ammonia

B. Copper oxide

C. Copper sulphate

D. Hydrogen chloride

E. Hydrogen sulphide

F. Lead bromide

Although this compound is not a metal hydroxide, its aqueous solution is alkaline in nature.

H) FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1) Ammonia chloride is a soluble salt prepared by ______ (precipitation/neutralization)

2) When Ammonium chloride is heated, it undergoes thermal____. (Decomposition/dissociation)

3) Heating Ammonium chloride with sodium hydroxide produces ___.(ammonia/nitrogen).

PRESSURE IN FLUIDS

1) Write the characteristics of pressure in fluids.

2) Define:

a) Pascal's Law.

b) Atmospheric pressure

c) Barometer

3) Name the factors which affect barometric height.

4) Name the factors which do not affect barometric height.

5) State three factors which determine the pressure of a fluid at a given point within the fluid.

6) Pressure in case of solids is inversely proportional to area of cross section. Does the above statement hold for a fluids?  Explain your answer.

7) REASON:

a) Pressure of water on the first floor building is always less than pressure of water at the ground floor.

b) water tank in a locality is always at higher altitudes than building in the locality.

c) Sense of hearing is affected while rapidly gaining or losing height.

d) The nose of some people stars bleeding when an aeroplane climbs up rapidly.

e) A soda straw does not draw liquid, if there is a tiny hole near its upper end.

f) why do the bodies of deep sea fishes burst, on bringing them above the sea level?

g) Why does an ink pen start leaking at higher altitudes?

h) Why are special suits worn by astronauts while floating in space ?

i) why you are weather observation balloons filled partially with helium gas at ground level ?

j) why are two holes made in oil tin, to remove oil from it ?

k) why does not liquid run out of a dropper, unless rubber bulb is pressed ?

8) a) what unit does Pascal measure ?

b) State the law of transmission of pressure in liquids

c) A cylinder contains water up to the height of 40cm. If the density of water is 1000 kgm³ and acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s². Calculate the hydrostatic pressure exerted by water at the bottom of cylinder on its sides.

9) a) state whether the pressure acting at a point in a liquid is a scalar quantity or vector quantity.

b) a glass container contains a liquid of density P, when the height of liquid is H and acceleration due to gravity is G. If P' is the atmospheric pressure, calculate 

     i) the pressure on the free surface of the liquid.

    ii) the total pressure at the base of container.

   iii) what is the magnitude of lateral pressure at the base of liquid, on the inner side of container?

10) How does the fluid pressure on a balloon changes when:

a) balloon rises up from height of 200m to a height of 500m ?

b) balloon move horizontally at a height 200m ?

c) balloon is a brought down on the surface of earth ?

11) FILL IN THE BLANKS:

a) the pressure of the sea water for same depth is ___ than the river water (less/more)

b) The pressure of air ____as we move upward. (increases/ decreases)

c) The fluids exert ___pressure in all directions at a given point. (different/same)

d) The fluid pressure of liquid increases with increase in ____(depth/area of cross section)

e) the fluid pressure of atmosphere is measured in ____. This is equivalent to___ Pascals

12) State any two uses of hydraulic press.

13)a) what do you understand by the term atmospheric pressure 

b) What is the cause of atmospheric pressure ?

c) State the numerical value of atmospheric pressure at sea level in 

  i) cm of Mercury 

  ii) Pascals

  iii)  bars 

14) a) Name the instrument used for measuring the atmospheric pressure.

b) How will you set up such an instrument in a laboratory ?

c) State the precaution for the use of this instrument?

15) Explain the following 

a) Why is water not a suitable barometric liquid ?

b) Why is mercury used as a baromatric liquid?

c) Name two factors which do not affect barometric height on a given place?

d) name four factors which affect barometric height at a given place.

16) a) Draw a neat fully labelled diagram of aneroid barometer.

b) Explain how aneroid barometer is used for.

       i) Forecasting weather 

      ii) as an altimeter

17) State the forecast in the following situations.

a) air in hot and dry and atmospheric pressure falls suddenly.

b) air is humid and barometric pressure falls suddenly.

c) barometric pressure rises steeply.

d) barometric pressure does not change.

e) Barometric pressure falls gradually over number of days.

SOUND(IX)

 

1. Sound : It is a mechanical energy which produces sensation of hearing.

2. Condition for the propagation of sound:

  i) There must be vibrating body, carable of transferring energy.

  ii) There must be a material medium, through which energy can propogate.

 iii) There must be receiver(ear), so as to receive and transmit energy to brain.

3. Infra-sonic or sub-sonic vibrations : The vibration which are not perceived by human ear and have a range 0-20 Hz are called infra-sonic vibrations.

4. Sonic-vibrations:  The vibration which produce sensation of hearing in human beings are called Sonic vibrations . Their range is between 20- 20000 Hz.

5. Ultra-sonic vibrations : The vibrations which are not perceived by human ear and their frequency range is above 20000 Hz are called ultra-sonic vibrations .

6. Bats navigate by emitting ultra-sonic vibrations and then receiving the echoes . Dogs and dolphins can also heer ultra-sonic vibrations .

7. Ultra-sonic vibrations are used in 

i) homogenising milk and cosmetics.

ii) in dissipating fog.

iii) in dish cleaner 

iv) Ultra-sound welding

v)  ultra-sound scanning of human body.

8) Elastic waves:  The waves produced in a material medium are called....

9) Transverse waves: When the particles of a medium vibrate at right angles to the direction of propagation of wave, then the wave so produced is called,...

10) Longitudinal wave: When the particles of a medium vibrate in the same direction in which a wave propagates , then such a wave is called....

11) Transverse wave is possible in solids only, whereas Longitudinal wave is possible in all kinds of material medium.

12) As a general rule, sound travels faster than solids, slower in liquids and slowest in gases.

13. The speed of the sound in solids and liquids at constant temperature is 

i) directly proportional to square root of elasticity 

ii) inversely proportional to square root of density of material.

14) The speed of sound in gases at constant temperature is given by v= √{γP/d}, where γ = 1.414; 'P' is the pressure of a gas and 'd' is the density of gas.

15) Speed of sound in air does not change with the change in

i) frequency 

ii) wavelength 

iii) amplitude 

iv) pressure.

16. Speed of sound in air increases by 0.6 m/s for every 1°C rise in temperature.

17) Speed of sound in air increases with the increase in humidity and vice versa.

18) Speed of sound in air decreases with increase in density and vise versa.

19) Speed of sound in air increases if the direction of sound and wind are in same direction and vise versa.

20) Wave: The disturbance produced in a medium by the to and fro motion of its particles about their mean position is called...

21) Wave motion: The transfer of energy when the particles of a medium move about their mean positions is called wave motion.

22) Material wave or elastic waves: The waves produced in a material medium (solids; liquid or gases) by the movement of its particles about their mean positions are called material waves or elastic waves.

23) Characteristics of material medium for the propagation of sound:

i) it must be elastic.

ii) It must have least frictional resistance.

iii) It must possess inertia.

24) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a particle about its mea position is called amplitude.

25) Frequency(f): The number of vibrations executed by a particle of a vibrating medium about its mean position in one second is called frequency.

OR

The number of waves passing through one particular point in one second is called the frequency.

26) Time period or periodic time (T): The time taken to complete one oscillation by any particle of a vibrating medium is called.....

27) Phase: The term used to describe the motion and direction of a vibrating particle, at some particular instant, during its course of motion is called phase .

28) Same phase: When two particles are moving exactly in the same way i.e., their displacement from mean position is same and so is direction, they are said to be in the same phase.

29) Opposite phase: When two particles are moving exactly in opposite way i.e., their displacement from mean position is same, but direction is opposite, they are said to be in opposite phase .

30) Out of phase: When the motion of the two particles in a vibrating medium is not similar in any respect, they are said to be out of phase.

31) Wave velocity (v): The distance covered by a disturbance in one second in some particular direction is called ...

32) Wavelength (λ): The linear distance between two consecutive particles of vibrating medium in the same phase is called....

OR

Linear distance covered by one complete wave is called....

QUESTIONS 

1) State three conditions necessary for hearing sound sound.

2) Describe briefly an experiment to prove that vibrating bodies produce sound.

3) Name three animals which can hear ultra-sonic vibrations .

4) How do bats locate their prey during flight ?

5) What is Galton's whistle ? To what use it can be put ?

6) State four practical uses of ultra-sonic vibrations .

7) Describe an experiment to prove that material medium is necessary for the propagation of sound.

8) Why do the astronauts talk to each other through radio telephone in space or on the surface of moon?

9)  What are electric waves ? Name two kinds of elastic waves.

10) Define the term longitudinal wave and show it diagrammatically.

11)  State four characteristics of the longitududinal waves.

Characteristics:

12) Define the term transverse wave and show it by diagram.

13) State for characteristics of the transverse waves .

14) With reference to sound. which amongst the longitudinal wave and transverse wave is possible in a) solid  b) gases ?

15) State four differences between longitudinal wave and transverse wave.

 they consist of regions of compressions and rarefaction.

16) State three factors which determine the speed of sound in a material.

17) State the formula of speed of sound in solids.

18) State the formula of speed of sound in gases.

19) Amongst the air, carbon dioxide and helium, state in which material speed of sound is 

a) Maximum 

b) Minimum and why?

 20) How is the speed of sound in air affected when the following parameters chang?

a) wavelength of sound wave increases.

b) pressure of air increases 

c) temperature of air falls.

d) humidity in air increases.

e) Amplitude of sound wave decreases

f) the wind blows in the direction opposite to the direction of propagation of sound.

g) frequency of sound wave decreases.

h) The density of air increases, without any change in pressure.

21) How do the following affect, at all, the velocity of sound in air ?

a) pitch of sound 

b) temperature of air

c) pressure of air.

d) moisture in air.

22) Give one example of longitudinal and transverse waves

23) The sound of an explosion on the surface of lake is heard by a boatman 100 m away and a driver 100 m below the point of explosion.

a) Of the two persons mentioned (boatman and diver), who would hear the sound first?

b) Give reason for your answer in (a).

c) If the sound takes 't' seconds to reach the boatman, approximately how much time it will take to reach the diver ?

24) State the important difference between light and sound waves.

25)) What is approximate value of the speed of sound in iron as compared to that in air ? Illustrate your answer with simple experiment.

26) How does a bat avoid obstacles in their way when in flight ?

27) A continuous disturbance is created on the surface of water in a ripple tank with a small piece of cork floating on it. Describe the motion of cork.  What does motion of cork tell about disturbance .

28) Draw a displacement-time graph for water wave.

29) State any two characteristic of wave motion.

30) State three main characteristics of medium necessary for the propagation of sound waves.

31) Derive a relation between frequency and time period.

32) Derive a relation between wave velocity; frequency and wavelength.

33) The diagram shows a snap shot of a wave form of frequency 50Hz on a string. The numbers in diagram represent distance in centimetres.

 For this wave motion find

a) Wavelength 

b) Amplitude 

c) wave velocity.

34) Draw a diagram representing a wave of 

a) amplitude 4cm

b) wavelength 2m. if the frequency of wave is 150 Hz, calculate its velocity.   300ms⁻¹ 

35) The diagram shows a vibrating metal blade clamped at one end. P and R are the extreme positions occupied by the blade during its course of vibration. Q,  being its position of rest. The vibrating blade produces a note of 480 Hz.

i) Mark the diagram amplitude of vibration.

ii) if the velocity of the sound in air is 320 ms⁻¹, what is the wavelength of sound produced ?      0.66 m

36) Explain why lightning flash is seen before the crack of thunder.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

1) The speed of the sound at 4° C is 322.4 ms⁻¹. Calculate the speed of sound at 34° C.       340.4 ms⁻¹

2) The speed of sound at -5°C is 317ms⁻¹. Calculate the speed of sound at

a) 35°C.    341ms⁻¹

b) - 45° C.   293 ms⁻¹

3) The speed of sound at 0° C is 320 ms⁻¹. Calculate the temperature when speed of sound

a) increases by 1/8th of speed of sound at 0°C.   66.67°C

b) decreases by 1/12th of speed of sound at 0°C.       -44.45°C

4)  The speed of sound at 10°C is 326 ms⁻¹. Calculate the temperature at which speed of sound is 302ms⁻¹.     -30°C

5) A sound wave of frequency 640 Hz travels 800 m in 2.5s. Calculate 

a) speed of sound.     320ms⁻¹

b) wavelength of sound wave.     0.5m

6) A television station broadcasts at a frequency of 4500 MHz. If the speed of television waves is 3 x 10⁸ ms⁻¹. Calculate the wavelength of television waves.     0.067 m

7) A longitudinal wave of wavelength 0.03 cm travels in air with a speed of 330ms⁻¹.

Calculate the frequency of the wave. Can this wave be heard by normal human ear. Give a reason for your answer.         1100000 Hz, The above wave cannot be heard. It is because, the maximum range to which human ear can hear is 20000 Hz. As the frequency of 1100000 Hz is far in excess thereore it will not produce any sound effect in ear.

8)  a sound wave as a frequency of 2000 wavelength 17 if the wavelength increases by 51 what is the frequency the nature of the material through which sound is propagation remains of 22 a disturbance in here as were length of 22 and speed calculate the frequency of disturbance state whether they were disturbance is audible normal human ear give one reason for your answer ultraviolet radiation is wavelength 150 + the ultraviolet radiation is 3 calculate the frequency of radiation time period the web length of the waves produced on the surface of the water is 20 the way velocity is 24 calculate the number of produced in 1 second time required to produce one web ET metal plate is placed again if the cogil is rotted at a constant speed of 360 rotation per minute calculate the frequency of a note produce speed of the sound if the wavelength 0.7 what will be the refractive the speed of the cow will be hacked in turning for can produce a lot of problem 0.83 and has a time period of 2.5 into 10 seconds calculate the web velocity the distance between 1 crest and one trap produce on the surface of water is 0.04 if the waves are produced at the rate of 184 M calculate time period and web velocity

A) Fill the blanks:

1) Sound is produced due to the-- in the medium

2) Sound requires a -- to travel.

3) Bats detect obstacles in their path by receiving the reflected...

4) The note of the lowest frequency for a vibrating string is called....

5) Quality of sound depends upon.. frequencies.

6) To hear the echo of a sound, the reflecting surface should be at a minimum distance of---

7) The pitch of sound .... if the frequency is increased.

8) The Intensity of sound is ....to the square of the amplitude of wave.

9) The sound becomes... if amplitude is increased.

10) Resonance is a special case of... vibrations, when frequency of the driving force is ...to the natural frequency of the body.

B) State whether True/False. Also correct the false statements.

1) The sound heard after reflection from a rigid obstacles is called an echo.

2) Resonance occurs when natural frequency of a body is less than the frequency of the applied force.

3) The vibration of a body with constant amplitude and constant frequency are called forced vibrations.

4) The frequency of vibrations of air column is directly proportional to the length of the air column.

5) The loudness is a measurable quantity while intensity is a sensation.

6) The pitch of sound increases if it's frequency increases.

C) Answer the following

1) a) Define echo.

  b) State two conditions necessary 

       for an echo.

  c) Write its use.

2) What is vibrated to produce sound in :

a) a violin

b) an organ pipe

c) a drum

3) Define:

a) Free vibrations of a body ?

b) Forced vibrations?

4) Define Resonance. State the condition necessity for resonance to occur.

5) State the physical quantity whose unit is decibel. Name another unit of this physical quantity.

6) Are intensity and loudness the same ?

7) Name three characteristics of a musical sound.

8) What determines the pitch of a sound ?

9) State one factor that determines the quality of a musical note.

10) a)What is Sonar ? 

b) State the principle on which it is bases .

c) State its uses.

11) Write a relation between the velocity of sound and distance of source of sound from reflecting body and time for hearing an echo.

12) Name the subjective Property of sound related to its frequency.

13) Give one example each of

a) Natural vibration

b) Forced vibration

c) Resonance

14) A turning fork held over an air column of a given length, produces a distinct audible sound. What do you call this phenomenon? How does it occur ?

15) How can one distinguish the sound of two musical instruments even if they are of the same pitch and the same loudness ?

16) How is the speed of sound in air affected when the following parameters change?

A) Wavelength of sound wave increases

B) Pressure of air increases

C) Temperature of air falls

D) Humidity of sound wave increases

E) Amplitude of sound wave decreases

F) Frequency of sound wave decreases

17) What change, if any, would you expect in the characteristics of a musical sound when we increase

A) Its frequency

B) Its amplitude

REASON BEHIND:

1) The rear view mirror of a motor bike starts vibrating violently at some particular speed of the motor bike.

A) Why does this happen?

B) What is the name of the phenomenon taking place?

C) What could be done to stop the violent vibrations?

2)A) How does a stretched string on being set into vibration, produce an audible sound?

B) will this sound be audible if the string is set into vibration on the surface of the moon? Give reason for your answer?

3) Women's voice is shriller than men's voice.

4) Why lightening flash is seen before thunder is hard ?

5) why are the stringed instruments provided with a sound box?

6) Why is bell provided with a big outer case?

7) Two friends were playing on their identical guitars whose strings were adjusted to give notes of the same pitch. Will the quality of the two notes by the same? Give a reason for your answer?

8) We can recognise our friends even by listening to their voices.

9) A renowned singer's voice is sweeter.

10) It is not possible to talk through an open space.

11) How a megaphone can help in making the sound heard at a distance OR Why do we cup our hands to make the sound heard at a distance.

12) Windows sometimes rattle when the low notes of pipe organ are sounded.

13) Tick, Tick of watch is not musical while buzzing of a bee is.

14) Why is a loud sound head at acoustic resonance

15) Why echo can't be heard in a small room

16) Why can we hear echoes in long galleries and big halls?

17) Bat have no eyes still they can ascertain distances, directions nature and size of the object.

18) Why soldiers asked to walk out of step while crossing bridges

19) How does frequency and amplitude affect a musical sound?

20) Why strings of different thickness are provided on a stringed instrument.

21) A vibrating turning fork is placed over the mouth of a burette filled with water, the tap is opened and the water level gradually falls. It is observed that the sound becomes the louder for a particular length of air column.

A) What is the name of the phenomenon taking place when this happens?

B) Why does the sound become the loudest?

C) What is the name of the phenomenon taking place when sound is produced for another length of air column and is not loudest?

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

A) Musical note/Noise

B) Resonance/Forced vibrations

C) Free vibrations/Forced vibrations

Health, Diseases and Hygiene

1) DEFINATION:

a) Acquired diseases.

b) Allergy.

c) Antibody.

d) Antigen.

e) Antitoxin.

f) Asymptomatic carrier.

g) Carrier.

h) Communicable diseases.

i) congenital disease.

j) Conjunctivitis.

k) Deficiency disease.

l) Degenerative disease.

m) Disease.

n) Droplet infection.

o) Epidemiology.

p) Germ theory of disease.

q) Health. 

r) Hygiene.

s) Immune system.

t) Immunization.

u) Incubation period.

v) Infection.

w) Infectious disease.

x) Lock jaw 

y) Non-communicable disease.

z) Social hygiene.

a') Transplancental transmission.

b') Trachoma.

c') Vaccine.

d') Vector.

 

2) List the causative factors of diseases. 

3) Differentiate between infectious and noninfectious diseases.

4) Explain the different type of non infectious diseases giving one example of each type.

5) List the different ways by which disease are transmitted.

6) What are pathogens? How do these cause diseases in human beings ?

7) List three diseases caused by each of the following microorganisms.

a) Viruses.

b) Bacteria.

c) Protozoans.

d) Worms.

8) List the symptoms and the preventive measures of the following diseases:

a) Mumps.

b) Chickenpox.

c) Tuberculosis.

d) Cholera.

e) Filaria.

9) What is DPT Vaccine ? What for is it given to the children ?

10) How do the following diseases spread ?

a) Cholera.

b) Influenza.

c) Tuberculosis.

d) Taeniasis.

11) Name the diseases caused by the following:

a) By mites.

b) By fungi 

c) By insect-bite.

12) Explain how do each of the following animals spread the diseases and how they can be controlled .

a) Housefly 

b) Rats.

c) Mosquito.

d) Cockroaches.

13) Personal cleanliness and cleanliness of the surroundings are important to good health. Give reasons.

14) What is the importance of keeping hair, teeth and finger nails clean ? How would you keep them clean ?

15) What steps whould you undertaken to maintain social hygiene ?

SKIN

A) DEFINE:

1) Cornified layer.

2) Dermis

3) Epidermis

4) Keratin

5) Malpighian layer

6) Melanin

7) Skin

B) List the function of skin.

C) List the four ways in which the skin serves as a protected body covering.

D) Name the two main layers of skin.

E) Name the three regions of skin epidermis.

F) Name the pigment which imparts skin its colour.

G) Mention the roles of the following:

1) blood capillaries

2) oil glands

3) sweat glands

H) Draw a labelled diagram of the vertical section of skin showing its structure.

I) Name any two glands found in human skin.

J) What is keratin ? where is it found in the skin ?

K) FILL THE BLANKS:

1) The three regions of skin epidermis are ____ , ___ and ___ .

2) Cells in the Cornified layer are ___ and are made of ___ .

3) The cells in the___ layer divide constantly.

4) Dermis is made up of___ tissue.

5) Sweat glands are present in__

6) ___ is the largest organ of the body.

7) The outermost layer of skin__

8) The___ layer of skin is germinative layer.

9) Cells of ___ layer are dead and made of a horny protein called___

10) Dermis, below the epidermis, is much ___ layer than the epidermis.

11) Synthesis of Vitamin___ by the action of sunlight.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (Use of Ammonium hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide and Standard Tests)

1) Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct word/words given within the brackets:

a) The formula of sodium plumbate is______. (NaPbO₂/Na₂PbO₂)

b) The colour of hydrated zinc sulphate is_____(blue/white)

c) On adding aqueous solution of Ammonium hydroxide to ferric chloride, a____ colour percipitate of ferric chloride is formed.(reddish brown/ sky blue).

d) The valency of Copper in copper sulphate is___ (1/2).

e) zinc chloride solution reacts with caustic soda solution to give a___ coloured percipitate. (red/ white).

f) The salt of lead, soluble in hot water insoluble in cold water is__ (lead sulphate lead/lead chloride)

2) NAME THE FOLLOWING:

------------------

a) The precipitate formed with when NaOH solution is added to FeSO₄ solution.

b) The products formed when NH₄OH solution is added to CuSO₄ solution in excess.

c) The colour of precipitate formed on adding sodium hydroxide solution to solution to MgCl₂ solution.

d) The colour of the precipitate formed on adding NH₄OH solution to MgCl₂ solution.

e) The products formed when ZnSO₄ solution is added to sodium hydroxide solution in excess.

f) A solution of this compound gives a dirty green precipitate with sodium hydroxide.

3) STATE TRUE or FALSE :

--------------------

a) A reddish brown precipitate is formed when iron (III) Chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions are mixed.

b) Mixed copper sulphate solution is treated with sodium hydroxide solution, a pale blue precipitate of copper (II) hydroxide is formed.

c) The colour of precipitate of Mg(OH)₂ is dull white.

d) On adding aqueous solution of Ammonium hydroxide to lead nitrate solution, a green precipitate is formed, which is insoluble in excess of Ammonium hydroxide.

4) HOW WOULD YOU CONVERT:

a) aluminium into potassium metaluminate ?

b) zinc into potassium zincate ?

5) Give the equations for the action of aluminium with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.

6) Give equations for the action of aluminium oxide with concentrated sodium hydroxide and potassium Hydroxide.

7) How will you distinguish between MgSO₄ and ZnSO₄ by studying their reaction with NH₄OH ?

8) a) what are amphoteric oxides?

b) Why are these oxide react with NaOH ?

9) Write equation for each of the following reactions:

a) solutions of Ammonium Chloride and sodium hydroxide are mixed and heated.

b) Copper sulphate solution is added to sodium hydroxide solution.

10) Three test tubes contains calcium nitrate solution, zinc nitrate solution and lead nitrate solution respectively. Each solution is divided into two portions. Describe the effect of:

a) adding sodium hydroxide solution to each portion in turn till it is in excess.

b) Adding Ammonium hydroxide to each portion in turn till it is in excess.

11) Sodium hydroxide solution can be used to distinguish between iron(II) sulphate solution and iron (III) sulphate solution because these solutions give different coloured precipitate with sodium hydroxide solution. Give the colour of the precipitate formed with:

a) iron (II) sulphate solution.

b) iron(III) sulphate solution.

12) State what do you observe when :

a) Neutral Litmus solution is added to an alkaline solution.

b) ammonium Hydroxide is added to iron(III) sulphate solution.

13) How do you distinguish between using Zn⁺² and Pb⁺² using Ammonium hydroxide solution ?

14) State the colour of the following salts :

a) copper chloride.

b) copper nitrate

c) ferric chloride

d) Lead Nitrate

e) magnesium carbonate 

f) zinc Hydroxide.

15) State the colour of the aqueous solution of the following salts:

a) magnesium sulphate crystals

b) ferrous chloride crystals.

c) ferric chloride crystals.

d) ferrous sulphate crystals.

e) copper sulphate crystals.

f) Ferric sulphate crystals.

16) Give the chemical equation to show reaction between caustic soda solution and:

a) zinc oxide.

b) Aluminium oxide

c) lead oxide.

17) State the colour of the precipitates formed when the ammonium Hydroxide is added to drop by drop and then in excess to aqueous solution of:

A) calcium chloride.

B) zinc sulphate.

C) Lead Nitrate.

D) ferrous sulphate.

E) ferric chloride.

F) copper sulphate.

18) How does Sodium Hydroxide react with the following salts ?

A) ZnSO₄

B) CuSO₄

C) FeSO₄

19) Describe the action of NH₄OH on the following:

A) CuSO₄

B) Fe₂(SO₄)₃

C) FeSO₄

20) Complete the following equations:

A) Zn(OH)₂ + NaOH--> __+ __

B) ___+ NaOH--> Fe(OH)₃+ NaCl

C) Zn(OH)₂+ NH₄OH --> __+__

D) lead and caustic soda solution.

E) aluminium and caustic Potash solution.

F) lead oxide the caustic soda solution.

G) ferrous chloride with Ammonium hydroxide.

H) CuSO₄+ __ --> Cu(OH)₂+ (NH₄)₂  SO₄ 

I) Al+ NaOH+ ___ -> __ + H₂.

J) PbO + NaOH -> __+__

K) __+ NaOH -> NaAlO₂+____

L) KOH+ H₂SO₄ -> __+___

M) ___+ HNO₃-> Pb(NO₃)₂ + ___.

N) CaCl₂+ ___ -> Ca(OH)₂+ NaCl.

O) __+ ___ -> Pb(OH)₂ +NaNO₃.

P) Pb(OH)₂+ NaOH-> __ + ___.

21) State the colour of precipitate observed when caustic soda solution is added to each of the following solutions( prepared in water):

a) copper sulphate crystals.

b) ferrous sulphate crystals.

c) ferric chloride crystals.

d) magnesium sulphate crystals.

e) Lead Nitrate crystals.

f) zinc chloride crystals.

g) magnesium chloride.

h) calcium chloride.

22) Give the reactions of Ammonium hydroxide with the following:

a) zinc chloride solution.

b) ferric chloride solution.

c) copper chloride solution.

d) magnesium sulphate solution

e) ferrous sulphate solution.

f) lead nitrate solution

g) zinc sulphate solution.

23) Write balanced equations for the action of Zinc and lead with:

a) Sodium Hydroxide.

b) potassium Hydroxide.

24) Give equations for the action of zinc oxide and lead oxide with concentrated sodium hydroxide and potassium Hydroxide.

25) Write the action of KOH on:

a) CuSO₄

b) MgSO₄

c) ZnSO₄

d) Fe₂(SO₄)₃

26) What products are formed when:

a) aqueous solution of NH₄OH is treated with zinc sulphate solution ?

b) Sodium Hydroxide is added to

 MgSO₄(aq) 

c) NaOH(aq) is added to Pb(NO₃)₂ solution ?

d) NaOH(aq) is treated with Al₂O₃ 

27) Using sodium hydroxide solution, how would you distinguish:

a) Ammonium Sulphate from sodium sulphate ?

b) zinc nitrate solution from calcium nitrate solution ?

c) iron(II) chloride (ferrous chloride) solution from iron(III) chloride(ferric chloride) solution?

d) lead hydroxide from magnesium hydroxide ?

28) 

A) Sodium Hydroxide solution is added to solution A A white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution. What is the metal ion present in solution A?

B) When ammonium Hydroxide is added to solution B, it gives an inky blue solution. What is the cation present in solution B? What is the probable colour of solution B ?

C) when an ammonium salt is warmed with sodium hydroxide solution, ammonia gas is evolved. State three ways in which you could identify this gas.

29) Write the observations and balanced equations for the following reaction:

A) Sodium Hydroxide is added drop- wise in excess to a solution of zinc sulphate.

B) ammonium Hydroxide is added first in a small quantity and then in excess to a solution of copper sulphate.

C) Excess of Ammonium hydroxide is added to a substance obtained by adding hydrochloric acid in silver nitrate solution.

D) Most starch iodide paper is put on the mouth of a test tube containing chlorine gas.

E) A paper dipped in potassium permanganate solution is put on the mouth of a test tube containing Sulphur Dioxide gas.

29) Sodium hydroxide solution is added in a small quantity, then in excess to the aqueous salt solutions of copper (II) sulphate, Zinc nitrate, lead nitrate, calcium chloride and iron(III) sulphate. Write the colour of the precipitate and the nature of the precipitate (soluble or insoluble).

PERIODIC TABLE

       PERIODIC PROPERTIES

A) FILL IN THE BLANKS :
1) The serial number of an element in the Periodic Table is also its.....
2) The metallic character.... in a Group as one moves from top to bottom.
3) The metallic character... in a Period as one moves from left to right.
4) ....is the most active nonmetal.
5) ....is the most active metal.
6) An increase in nuclear charge... the tendency of an atom to accept electrons.
7) The atomic size....as one moves from left to right across a Period.
8) The element in Group VIIA which is a liquid at room temperature is....
9) Nuclear charge of an atom is the... charge on the nucleus of an atom, equivalent to the atomic...of an atom.
10) Atomic size of neon is...than the atomic size of fluorine.
11) With increase in nuclear charge the nuclear attraction for outer electron..... . Hence ionisation potential......
12) If an element has one electron in its outermost shell. Then it is likely to be.....
13) The Properties of elements are periodic function of their....
14) The element below sodium in the same Group would be expected to have a..... . electronegativity than sodium and the element above chlorine would be expected to have a..... . ionisation potential than chlorine.
15) On moving from left to right in a given Period, the number of shells..
16) On moving down a Group, the number of valence electrons.......

Choose the correct answer from the choices a, b, c, d.

1) The chemical properties of an element depends on its:
a) atomic mass
b) atomic number
c) atomic energy
d) atomic volume
2) Total number of vertical columns (Groups) in the Long Form of the Periodic Table is :
a) 8 b) 18 c) 17 d) 16
3) The element having the lowest ionisation potential in period 3 is:
a) Na b) K c) Mg d) Al
4) The number of elements present in Period 3 is :
a) 6 b) 32 c) 18 d) 8
5) On going down a Group, the number of valence electrons.
a) increases  b) decreases
c) remains the same
d) varies irregularly
6) The number of Periods in the Long Form of Periodic Table is:
a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 10
7) On moving down a Group, the size of atoms :
a) increases  b) decreases
c) remains the same
d) varies irregularly
8) Which one of the following ions has the smallest radius ?
a) Cl⁻      b) K⁺    c) S²⁻    d) Ca²⁺
9) On moving from left to right in a Period the metallic character of elements:
a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same
d) varies irregularly
10) The correct order of decreasing first ionisation potential is :
a) C > B > Be > Li
b) C > Be > B > Li
c) B > C > Be > Li
d) Be > Li > B > C
11) Which halogen has the highest electron affinity ?
a) F b) Cl c) Be d) I
12) The most electronegative element in the Period Table is:
a) N b) O c) Cl d) F
13) Which has the smallest size?
a) Na⁺  b) Al³⁺   c) Mg²⁺ d) P⁵⁺
14) Which of the following is the correct order of ionisation potential in the Periodic Table?
a) F > O > N > C
b) O > F > N > C
c) O > N > F > C
d) C > N > O > F
15) The electron affinity for noble gases is likely to be:
a) high b) small c) zero d) Positive
16) Which of the following has the highest electron affinity?
a) F b) O c) O⁻ d) Na⁺
17) The size of a positive ion is:
a) more than its atom.
b) less than its atom
c) equal to its atom
d) none of the above
18) Which one of the following is correct order of the size ?
a) I > I⁻> I⁺
b) I >  I⁺> I⁻  
c) I⁺ > I⁻> I  
d) I⁻ > I > I⁺
19)The size of chloride ion (Cl⁻) is
a) smaller than chlorine atom
b) bigger than chlorine atom
c) equal to that of chlorine atom
d) none of the above
20) The ionic radii of  N³⁻ , O²⁻ ,  F⁻ and  Na⁺ follow the order
a)  N³⁻ >  O²⁻ > F⁻ > Na⁺
b)  N³⁻ >  Na⁺ > O²⁻ >  F⁻ 
c)  Na⁺> O²⁻  > N³⁻ > F⁻ 
d) O²⁻ > F⁻  > Na⁺ > N³⁻

B) NAME THE FOLLOWING:
1) The element present in the first Period.
2) The biggest atom in the third Period.
3) The smallest element of third Period
4) The family of elements to which chlorine belongs.
5) The family of elements to which sodium belongs.
6) The family of elements to which argon and neon belongs

7) A solid halogen.  
8) Least electronegative element of halogen family.
9) A non metal which has three electrons in its outermost shell
10) The smallest atom in the third Period
11) The least reactive elements in Group IA.
12) The most metallic element in the third Period.
13) The most nonmetallic element in the third Period
14) The element which is most electronegative in the third Period
15) A greenish yellow gas other than chlorine..
16) The most abundant halide salt.
17) The element which has the highest ionisation potential.
18) The element of third Period which has least ionisation potential
19) The most electronegative element of second period
20) An element in period 3 with electronegativity 3.0
21) The element with the least ionisation potential in the 2nd period.
22) The element which has the highest electron affinity in the third Period
23) The noble gas having an electronic configuration 2,8,8.
24) The valency of elements in Group I.
25) An element of group VIIA, solid at room temperature.

C) TRUE/FALSE
1) The electron present in the outermost shell are called valence electrons.
2) In a group, atomic and ionic radii decrease from top to bottom due to increase in the number of shells.
3) The electron affinity of elements increases in a group from top to bottom and decreases along a period from left to right.
4) The amount of energy required to remove a loosely bound electron from the outermost shell of an isolated atom is called ionisation potential.
5) Electron affinity is the property of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, when combined to form a compound.
6) Lithium resembles radium and potassium in electropositive character and univalency.
7) The element in a Group have consecutive atomic Numbers.
8) On going down in a group of the Modern Periodic table, the metallic character of elements increases.
9) The tendency of an atom of an element to donate or lose electrons is called electropositivity.
10) Iron is a non-metal.

D) DEFINE:
1) Periods in Periodic table
2) Group in Periodic table
3) Periodicity

E) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:
1) How many electrones are present in the valency shell of the element with the atomic number 18
2) From amongst Be,  B, and C, choose the element with the highest ionisation potential
3) What is similar in the electronic structure of Li, Na, and K
4) Which of the following elements are in the same Group of the Periodic table. Magnesium, nitrogen, beryllium, sulphur
5) Which group of elements was missing from Mendeleev's original Periodic table
6) State the Periodic law on which Mendeleev's Periodic table was based
7) What similarity do halogen show in their molecular state
8) If an element is in Group 7(or group 7A) is likely to be metallic or nonmetallic in character
9) Predict the group of an element X if it's atomic number is 16.
10) Select the correct order f radii of three species Ca, Ca⁺ and Ca²⁺
11) The elements lithium, sodium and potassium were put in one group on the basis of their similar properties.
a) What are those similar properties
b) What is the usual name of this Group or family.
13) What is the cause of periodicity of elements in the Periodic table.
14) In which part of a Group would you separately expect the elements to have:
a) the greatest metallic character
b) the largest atomic size
14) a) What are alkali metals?
b) In which Group and subgroup are they placed ?
c) What is their valency
d) Why do they not occur free in nature?
15) a) What are noble gases?
b) what is the speciality of their outermost shells
c) Why is that group referred to as Zero Group
d) Why are they referred to as inert gases ?

F) REASON BEHIND:
1) Why electron affinity of atoms increases from left to right along a period in the Modern Periodic table
2) Why the elements with low ionisation potential exhibit metallic character.
3) Sodium is referred to as a normal element.
4) Sodium and potassium are placed in group I
5) Electron affinities of two elements A and B are as follows
A=3.79 eV and B= 3.56 eV which of them will ionise more easily and why ?
6) Which is larger, Na⁺ or K⁺ ? Why?
7) Why is the electron affinity for F Less than that of Cl?
8) Why electron affinity of halogen is comparatively high
9) Ionisation potential of alkali metals is comparatively low.
10) Why is chlorine more reactive than bromin ?
11) Why Potassium is more reactive than sodium.
12) Why is ionisation potential of O is less than that of N