TRANSPORT OF FOOD MINERALS IN PLANTS
DEFINITION
a) Diffusion: Movement of molecules of solids , liquids and gases from a place of higher concentration to a place of a lower concentration.
b) Osmosis: Movement of water molecules from the region of their high concentration to the region of their lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
c) Selective permeable membrane : The membrane which allows the useful substances to pass in and harmful substances to diffuse out of the cell.
d) Semi semipermeable membrane: The membrane that allows the diffusion of water molecules through them but resist the movement of salute molecules.
e) Active transport : Movement of substance from a place of lower to higher concentration by using energy of the cell.
f) Root pressure : The pressure developed in the root which helps in pushing the plant dap upward.
g) Transpiration : loss of water from the aerial parts of the plant in the form of vapours.
h) Stomata: minute opening in a leaf through which gaseous exchange takes place.
i) Potometer : An apparatus used to measure the rate of transpiration in plants.
j) Conducting tissue : Xylem and phloem are complex and conducting tissue in plants.
k) Xylem : Contpduct water and minerals from the root to tip of the plants .
l) Phloem: Conduction of food in plants.
m) Macronutrients: Macronutrients are those which are required by plants in large quantity.
n) Micronutrients: Micronutrients are those which are required by plants in small quantity.
* Root is typically a non green, underground part of the plant.
* The root hairs are the cluster of very fine delicate, tubular thread like structures arising as an outgrowth from the secondary or tertary roots.
* A selectivelypermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass through it but not the solute.
* Osmosis plays an important roll in the absorption of water by plants from the soil.
* The upward movement of the water from roots towards the top of the plant is called ascent of sap.
* Transpiration pull helps in conduction of water in case of tall trees.
* A plant cell becomes turgid on absorption of water.
* Water is a major component of protoplasm in a living cell.
* Transpiration is evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant.
* Transpiration produces the force which draws water up to the stem.
* The rate of transpiration is increased by sunlight, high temperature, low humidity and air movements.
* Potometer is an apparatus used to measure the rate of transpiration.
* Transpiration causes wilting and shedding of leaves in case of reduced availability of water in the soil.
* Transpiration cools the plant on a hot summer day.
* Transpiration is a necessary evil of the plants.
* Xylem is water and minerals conducting tissue in plants.
* Conduction of water and mineral is undirectional from root tip of plant.
*. Phloem is food conducting tissue in plants.
* Conduction of food is bidirectional.
* Nitrogen , Phosphorus and potassium are essential micro nutrients required in traces.
A) Name the following :
a) The membrane which allows the solvent to pass through it but not the solute.
b) The process by which solid, liquid and gases move from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration.
c) The upward movement of water and minerals from roots towards the top of the plant.
d) The pull which helps in have conduction of water in case of tall trees.
e) The tissue which helps in conduction of water minerals in the plant.
f) An apparatus used to measure the rate of transpiration.
g) An antitranspirant.
h) A plant having hydathodes.
i) The tissue which helps in conduction of food in plants.
j) Name the disease caused due to deficiency of nitrogen nutrients in plants.
B) Choose the odd one from each of the following giving reason:
a) Osmosis, Diffusion, Active transport, Transpiration pull.
b) Meristematic zone, Shoot cap, Elongation zone, Maturation zone.
c) Conduction, Rranslocation, Transpiration , Ascent of sap.
d) Root pressure, Transpiration pull, Turgor pressure, Capillary force.
e) Egg-membrane, Parchment paper, Goat's bladder, Litmus Paper.
f) Cooling effect, Ascent of sap, Conduction of minerals, Evaporation.
g) Stomata, Xylem , Lenticel, Hydathodes.
h) Sunlight, Temperature, Humidity , Hydathodes.
i) Tracheids, Teaches, Xylem parenchyma, Sieve plates.
j) Nitrogen , Phosphorus, Potassium , Cooper
C) Fill in the blanks:
a) ____ tissue is involved in the transportation of water in plants.
b) The young growing tip of the root is protected by ____.
c) ____ occurs through a semi permeable membrane.
d) ____ is the major component of protoplasm present in a living cell.
e)A plant cell becomes ____ on absorbing water from the soil.
f) Root hairs absorb____ from the soil by active transport.
g) Upward movement of water takes place through _____.
h) ______system of plants absorb water and minerals from the soil.
i) _____ is the inflow of water molecules form an external solution into a cell.
j) A plasmolysed protoplasm swells photo when it is placed in ____ water.
k) Cactus does not have _____ transpiration.
l) Sunken stomata ____ the rate of transpiration.
D) Write true or false and correct the incorrect statements:
a) Osmosis plays an important role in the absorption of water by plants.
b) A semipermeable membrane allows the passage to only solvent molecules through it.
c) Root hairs do not help in absorption of water and minerals.
d) Water is responsible for developing turgor pressure in the cell.
e) Movement of molecules from the region of lower to that of higher concentration is called diffusion.
E) Choose the correct answer:
1) Ascent of sap occurs due to:
a) root pressure b) transpiration pull c) capillary force d) all of these
2) Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to the lower concentration through a membrane.
a) diffusion b) active c) osmosis d) all of these
3) The pressure developed in the root due to continuous inflow water in it
a) Turgor pressure b) root pressure c) transpiration pull d) none
4) The upward movement of cell sap in the plants is called :
a) conduction b) absorption c) transpiration d) none
5) The tissue which helps in conduction of water and minerals in the plant:
a) Phloem b) Xylem c) vein d) none
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
a) Reproduction: The process by which old organism gives rise to a new organism.
b) Gamete : The single six cell involved in fusion during sexual reproduction.
c) Bud: Undeveloped embryonic shoit which will grow into a flower or new stem.
d) Asexual reproduction : The reproduction in which no sex cells are involved.
e) Sexual reproduction: The reproduction in which sex cells are involved.
f) Zygote: A fertilized egg resulting from the union of two gametes.
g) Embryo: The developing zygote.
h) Mensuration : It is a cyclic bleeding or a series of changes in the ovary and uterine wall (endometrium) of a non-pregnant female at interval of 28 days on an average .
i) Implantation: The close attachment of the embryo with the uterus.
j) Placenta: A blood rich tissue in through which the materials like or oxygen and nutrients pass from the mother to the embryo.
k) Adolescence: The period of development from the childhood to adult.
* Reproduction is the process in which living organisms produces new individual of their own kind.
* There are two types of reproduction : a) asexual b) sexual
* organisms reproduce asexual by binary fision, budding, spore formation, regeneration and vegetative propagation.
* sexual reproduction involves the fusion or sperm and in egg.
* in some organisms both the sex organs are present in the same individual, such individual are called hermaphrodite.
* The flower is the structure in all flowering plants that is responsible for sexual reproduction.
* In some organisms , an egg develops into an adult without being fertilized. This is known as pathogenesis.
* Fusion of male and female gametes, results in the formation of zygote and this process is called fertilization.
* in human beings , sexes are separate, i.e., male and female reproductive organs are borne by separate individuals.
* pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same plant or a different plant of the same species. Pollination is of two types: self pollination and cross pollination.
* The reproductive system is a group of body organs that do the work of production.
* Implantation of the embryo in the wall of the uterus is completed about 10 days after fertilization.
* the developing embryo is called a foetus after 2 months from the beginning.
A) Name the following:
a) The process of production of new individuals from parents.
b) The process of production of a complete new plant from a part of the existing plant without the use of seeds.
c) The process of getting back the lost body part.
d) the process of transfer of pollens from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower.
e) A sample cell formed as a result of fusion between a male gamete and a female gamete.
f) the period of sexual maturity.
g) the hormone secreted by males.
h) the period of time when the physical development of secondary sexual characteristics begin.
B) Choose the odd one in each of the following by giving reason:
a) Cutting, layering, fragmentation, grafting.
b) stigma, anther, style, ovary.
c) ovaries , oviduct, epididymis, cervix.
d) binary fission, tissue culture, budding, regeneration
e) amoeba , earthworm, tapeworm, leech
f) infancy, childhood, adolescence, puberty.
g) testosterone, insulin, estrogen, Progesterone
C) Fill in the blanks:
a) Binary fission is a type of _____reproduction.
b) Reproduction that needs two parents is called ____.
c) Yeast cells reproduced by____.
d) female sex cells in plants are called____
e) testes are present in____ located outside the body.
f) pollen grains are produced in____.
g) the two kinds of pollination are _____ and ____.
h) asexual reproduction in which any vegetative part of the plant forms and new plant is called ____reproduction.
i) the process in some organism in which an egg develops into an adult without being fertilized is known as _____.
j) all types of a sexual reproduction are based on the ____division of cells.
k) childhood starts from the age of ____'years and lasts till the age of ___ years.
k) ____is the male hormone released by the testes in the male.
m) the egg is released from the ovary around day ____ during menstrual cycle.
n) ____ is the second fastest growth period in human beings.
o) puberty is the period of development of _____maturity.
D) Write true or false and correct the incorrect statements :
a) The simple division of unicellular organisms into two smaller daughter cells of roughly equal size is called budding.
b) all the animals have capacity to regenerate body parts.
c) bacteria, yeast and paramecium reproduce by sexual reproduction.
d) The female gametes are produced in ovaries.
e) Childhood is the fastest growth period in human beings.
ff) the testosterone is the female sex hormone.
E) Choose the correct answer:
1) amoeba reproduced by
a) regeneration b) budding c) binary fusion d) spores
2) potato reproduce vegetatively through
a) stem b) leaf c) root d) flower
3) bryophyllum reproduces vegetatively through
a) root b) leaf c) stem d) flower
4) The male gamete is called
a) zygote b) sperm c) testis d) egg
5) the individual having both the sex organs are
a) unisexual b) bisexual c) makes d) females
6) The process of formation of an individual from the zygote is called
a) fertilization b) development c) growth d) none
7) childhood is the stage of growth which starts of the age of
a) 1 year b) 2 years c) 3 years d) 10 years
8) the male hormone is
a) testerone b) progesterone c) estrogen d) none
ECOSYSTEM
a) Ecosystem : Structural and functional unit of biosphere consisting of commonly of living organisms and physical environment.
b) Biotic : Components constitute the living members of the ecosystem.
c) Abiotic : Component consist of nonliving substances and factors.
d) Food chain : A sequence of organisms through which food and its contained energy passes with each member.
e) Food web: Network of interrelated and interconnected food chain.
f) Symboises: Some organism which live together, share shelter and nutrients.
Or
Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
* Ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of the biosphere consists of living and nonliving components.
* biotic of an ecosystems are : producers, consumers and decomposes.
* Abiotic components of an ecosystem are climatic factors and inorganic substances.
*. In food chain, there is a transfer of material and energy from their ultimate source in plants as producing through series of organisms.
* A food chain consist of three kinds of organisms: producers, consumers, decomposers .
* Food web is a network of food chain in a community.
* In symbiotic relationship, both organisms which live together and share shelter and nutrients.
* parasitism is a non mutual symbiotic relationship where one species( the parasite) benefits at expense of other(the host) is harmed by relationship.
* Sunlight, temperature, humidity, air, water, wind and soil
A) Name the following
a) Green pigment in plants.
b) Animals which feeed on herbivorous.
c) light, temperature, pressure humidity are which component of ecosystem -
d) A network of different food chain.
e) interaction between predator and pray.
B) choose the odd one from each of the following:
a) Algae , plants, flowers, fruits, birds.
b) Zooplankton, rabbit, dear, cow, lion
c) tiger, wolf, leopard, sloth bear, buffalo
d) sunlight, humidity, air, water, bacteria
e) sunlight , humidity, air, water, bacteria.
f) Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, small fish, Big fish, silver fish.
C) Fill in the blanks:
a) In a food chain, each link is known as a_____ level.
b) In nature, all green plants are ____ and animals are____.
c) In food chain, there is a transfer of ____and____.
d) _____ is non mutual symbiotic relationship between two species.
e) ____ are example of symbiotic relationship.
D) Give one word for the following :
a) Saprophytes which obtain their nourishment from organic elements.
b) Those animals which can feed on both plants and animals.
c) The photosynthetic plants which are called primary producer also known as.
d) Structural and functional unit of biosphere .
e) A network of food chain in a community.
E) Choose the correct answer:
A) Herbivorous are consumers of
al first order b) second order c) third Order d) none
B) decomposers are usually
a) non green microorganisms b) green microorganisms c) carnivores d) herbivores
C) nonliving factors of ecosystems are
a) biotic factors b) producers c) abiotic factors d) decomposers
D) the ultimate source of energy for the living beings comes from
a) plants b) sun c) herbivores d) decomposers
E) example of symbiotic relationship
a) Amarbel b) lichens c) rhizobium d) all of these
F) Match the columns
Column A
1) autotrophs
2) heterotrophs
3) decomposer
4) symboisis
5) predation
6) non living components of an ecosystem
7) animals of particular area
8) living components of an ecosystem
9) who eats whom
10) plans of a particular area
Column B
a) animals
b) bacteria, fungi
c) tiger -dear
d) flora
e) biotic
f) Rhizobium leguminous plants
g) producers
h) abiotic
i) fauna
j) food chain
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
* Endocrine gland : These are ductless glands which pour their secretion directly into blood.
* Hormones : hormones are chemical substances which are secreted from endocrine glands.
* Hormones are secretion of endocrine glands which pour their secretion directly into bloodstream .
* various hormones of pituitary glands are the growth hormones and harmones that make other glands such as testes, ovaries , thyroid and adrenal secrete hormones. pancreas secretes insulin, thyroid produces thyroxine and Adrenals produces adrenaline.
* Testosterone, is a male hormone and estrogen is female hormone which bring out changes in sexual characters during poverty.
A) Name the following:
a) Ductless glands which release their secretion into bloodstream .
b) which gland is called master gland ?
c) which gland is called emergency gland .
d) name the disease caused due to the dietary deficiency of iodine
e) Name a gland having dual function
B) Fill in the blanks :
a) deficiency of___ cause diabetes.
b) ____ is called stress hormone.
c) Testes secrete____ in males.
d) _____ is called master gland.
e) _____ regulate the calcium and phosphorus in the ratio body.
C) Write true or false statement and correct the incorrect statements
a) thyroxine hormone causes critination in early growing age.
b) pancreas releases emergency hormone, i.e, Adeline hormone
c) parathyroid glands regulate calcium and phosphorus balance in the body.
d) glucagon lowers blood sugar level.
D) Give one word for the following :
a) Flight or fight hormone.
b) chemical messenger in our body.
c) glands with duct
d) glands without duct.
e) it lowers the level of glucose in the blood
f) it raises the level of glucose in the blood.
ADOLESCENCE AND THE ACCOMPANYING CHANGES
Adolescence : The period of life on the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity.
Puberty : the age of at which the reproductive system becomes functional.
Voice box: it is the enlarged part of the trachea which is also known as larynx.
Adam's apple: protuding part of the throat.
Secondary sexual characters: The behaviour and appearance of feature which help to distinguish the male from the female.
Balanced diet : the diet which includes proteins , carbohydrates, fats and vitamins in the requisite proportion.
Reproductive health: reproductive health includes such aspects that ensure a responsible , safe and satisfying reproductive life.
* The period of life when the body undergoes changes leading to reproductive maturity.
* between the age of 11 years and 19 years children are called adolescence.
* children gain height during adolescence.
* sweat and the sebaceous glands become more active and separations may cause acne and pimples.
* it is period of change in the person's way of thinking.
* everyone should take care of their personal hygiene. if cleanliness is not maintained there are chances of catching bacterial infections.
* there are different ways to tackle with stress like yoga, meditation, time management, sports, hobbies and rational thinking.
a) Name the following
a) Protruding part of the throat in boys at the age of adolescence.
b) secretions of glands responsible for growth of pimples and acne.
c) the period of life on body undergoes changes.
d) The enlarged part of the trachea.
B) Choose the odd one from which of the following:
a) adolescence, hormonal changes, emotional changes, academic changes.
b) mental growth, emotional growth, social growth, economic growth.
c) voice box, larynx, Adam's apple apple, goitre.
d) broadening of shoulders, voice deepens, beard and moustache , hip enlargement .
C) Fill in the blanks:
a) The human body undergoes several changes during____. These changes mark of ___
b) the changes which occur at adolescence are controlled by____
c) the protruding part of the throat is called _____
d) _____is a relaxation techniques during stress.
e) if____ is not maintained properly, it can cause bacterial infections.
D) Write true or false and correct the the incorrect statements
a) adolescence period is marked with emotional and physiological changes.
b) adolescence period starts from 19 years of age lasts till middle age.
c) during adolescence period their is decrease in height and weight.
d) attainment of sexual maturity is known as puberty.
e) At puberty , the voice of box or the larynx begins to grow.
E) Choose the correct answer
A) which of the following constitutes the right meal for adolescence ?
a) chips, noodles and cake
b) chapati, dal and vegetables
c) rice, noodles and burger
d) vegetable cutlets , chips and lemon drink
B) which term is used to describe the period of life, when the body undergoes certain noticeable changes, leading to reproductive maturity ?
a) puberty b) Adolescence c) menarche the d) monopause
C) the most important change which marks puberty is:
a) the voice changes
b) body grows disproportionately
c) hair develop all over the body
d) the boys and girls become capable of reproduction.
D) Adolescents should be careful about what they eat, because
a) proper diet develops their brains
b) proper diet is needed for the rapid growth taking place in their body
c) Adolescents feel hungry all the time.
d) taste buds are well developed in teenagers.
E) reproductive ages in women starts when their
a) mensuration starts
b) breasts start developing
c) body weight increases
d) height increases
Match the column
Column A
1) adolescence
2) secondary sexual characters
3) Adam's apple apple
4) endocrine glands
5) growth
6) pubertal changes in females
7) teenagers
8) pubertal changes in males
Column B
a) Puberty
b) hormones
c) increase in height the weight
d) enlargement of hips
e) Adolescence period
f) broadening of shoulders
g) reproductive maturity
h) enlarged voice box
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulatory system: The system that includes heart , blood vessel and blood for the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, food, hormone and enzymes etc from one part of the body to another part of the body.
Blood : The red coloured fluid that flows in vessel and is responsible for the transportation of different useful and harmful substances.
Blood vessels : The tubes that enclose and transport blood from one organ to others organ .
Artery: Blood vessel that carries oxygenated (pure) blood to different parts of the body.
Vein: Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated (impure) blood.
Haemoglobin: The iron pigment present in red blood cells .
Blood groups: On the basis of the type of antigen present on surface of red blood cells, there are four groups - 'A', 'B', 'AB' and 'O'.
Universal donor: Person with O type of blood group is universal donor.
Universal acceptor: Person with AB type of blood group is universal acceptor.
Palpitation : An abnormal heart rhythms when your heart beats too fast, slow or irregularity.
Cardiac arrest : When your heart stops pumping blood around your body.
Hypertension: High blood pressure through blood vessels.
Lymphatic system: Lymph is a colourless fluid and its associated parts constitute the lymphatic system.
* The circular system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood lymph , lymphatic vessels and glands. it permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acid, and electrolytes) oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and PH, and maintain hemostates (steady state)
* Blood is a fluid connective tissue which which helps in the transportation of food, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other substances.within the body.
* The different components of blood are plasma, RBCs and WBCs and platelets.
* There is a networks of tubes called blood vessels through which the blood flows on the body.
* The blood circulates twice through the heart for making one full round through the body.
* The pulse rate of a normal person is 72 pulses per minute.
* The blood pressure of a healthy man is 120/80 mm of Hg.
* Doctors find the blood group before blood transfusion.
* There are four types of blood groups in human as: A, B, AB, O. Each group is either Rh positive or Rh negative.
* Palpitation, cardiac arrest and hypertension related with functioning of heart.
* Lymph acts as middleman and help in the exchange of various material between blood and body tissues.
A) Name the following
a) The vein that carries oxygenated blood.
b) A lymphatic organ.
c) The protein produced by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance.
d) The contraction phase of the heart.
e) iron pigment present in erythrocytes .
B) Chose the odd one out:
a) Arteries, Tonsils, Veins, Capillaries.
b) albumin, globulin, urea, fibrinogen.
c) erythrocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils.
d) Pulmonary artery, pulmanary vein, aorta, left ventricle.
e) cardiac arrest, palpitation, hypertension, blood sugar.
B) Fill in the blanks:
a) In blood calcium and ____ concentration is very high.
b) Lymphatic remove ____ from the tissues.
c) The phase when auricle and ventricle relax together is called _____
d) ____ is a wave of contraction transmitted along the arteries.
e) blood contains ____ which form a clot around wound thus preventing blood loss.
e) Veins are ____ and lie just below the skin.
f) The chambers of heart which receives blood is called ___
g) ____' is the iron pigment present in red blood cells.
h) The pH of blood is ____
i) Mature erythrocytes are minute ____ and disc shaped.
C) Write true or false and correct the incorrect statements:
a) The blood pressure of a health man is 170/100 mm of Hg.
b) Fats from the intestine is absorbed in blood.
c) Erythrocytes are present in lymph.
d) In a healthy adult, the heart beats on an average of 92 times a minute.
e) Thrombocytes are about 2.5 lakh in one cubic millimetre of blood.
D) Choose the correct answer:
A) Which of the following is not a cause of hypertension?
a) salt rich diets b) physical inactivity c) lack of oxygen d) modern lifestyle
B) The heart beat of a new born baby per minute is
a) 72 b) 80 c) 140 d) 250
C) Life Span of RBC is
a) 120 days b) 8-14 days c) 6 months d) 1 year
D) Rh factor is a special protein reported first in
a) Karl Landsteiner won Nobel prize for his work on blood groups in the year.
a) 1921 b) 1931 c) 1941 d) 1951
E) Match the Column
Column A
a) tonsil
b) macrophages
c) inferior vena cava
d) leucocytes
d) dub
Column B
i) semilunar valves
ii) gland
c) engulf microorganisms
d) blood from lower body parts
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cerebrum: Part of the brain which acts as control of the body.
Cerebellum: Part of the brain which controls and coordinates skeletal muscles and maintains balance of the body.
Reflex action: The automatic response by a body towards the stimulus.
Neuron: The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Stimulus: Any agent in the environment that may cause an organism to respond.
* The brain, spinal cord and nerves form the nervous system of the body. Together they control the functions of the body like movement, voluntary and involuntary actions, memory, speech, learning, etc.
* The automatic response of a body to stimulus is called reflex action. It is done without thinking.
* The nervous system is made up of millions of nerve cells called neurons. A bundle of neurons make up a nerve.
* The functional junction between two neurons is called synapse.
* The main parts of the brain are cerebrum, Cerebellum, medulla oblongota.
* There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
* There are five main receptors, which are referred to as sense organs. These sense organs are: eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin.
* Reflex arc: The route for coordination of response, it starts with receptor and goes through nerves. CNS and motor nerves to the effector organ.
A) Name the following:
a) The automatic response by the body towards stimulus.
b) The smallest functional unit of nervous system.
c) The largest and most complex part of brain.
d) The nerves emerging from the brain.
e) The innermost layer of the eyeball.
f) Organ of touch.
g) Part of brain that regulate respiration.
h) The nerves emerging from spinal cord.
i) The pathway of stimuli which forms an arc when it travels from receptor to effector.
j) Receptor which detects the taste.
Choose the odd one from each of the following:
a) Cyton, dendrite, axon, cytology
b) sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, nephron.
c) spinal cord, reflex arc, reflex action, reflection.
d) stimulus, receptor, effector, reflector
e) Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongota, synapse
Fill in the blanks:
