VIII

ATOMIC STRUCTURE 

1) What does the word 'atom' mean ?

2) Explain the following terms :

a) atomic number

b) mass number

c)  electronic configuration 

d) Isotope 

e) valency

f)  valence electrons 

3) ₈X¹⁶, ₁₃Y²⁷, ₁₈Z⁴⁰ represent atoms of three different elements.

a) Which atom has the tendency to :

    i) Lose electrons ?

   ii) gain electrons ?

  iii) neither lose nor gain electrons ?

b) why do certain atoms lose or gain electrons ?

4) According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, the atom is indivisible. Do later  3 findings support this theory ?

5) Which of the following atoms have a complete octate ?

i) argon ii) calcium iii) neon iv) potassium v) Krypton vi) Helium 

6) What are atoms with complete octate or duplet called?

7) Write the electronic configuration of the following:

a) ₁₁Na²³

b) ₁₃Al²⁷

c) ₁₂Mg²⁴

iv) ₁₁²³Na¹⁺

v) ₁₃²⁷Al³⁺

vi) ₁₂²⁴Mg²⁺ 

8) XN is the metal nitride. Write :

i) the ion of X.

ii) the number of valwnce electrons in the atom of X.

iii) its formula with phosphate, chromate, carbide.

9) Fill in the blanks: 

a) A ____ bond is formed when in atoms mutually share electrons .

b) A ____ has one shellnless than shell ess than the parent atom.

c)  The plum pudding model of the atom was proposed by____:.

d) A chloride ion has ____electrons.

e) An _____ has the same number of shella as the parent atom.

10 Match the Columns:

Column I 

i) Argon 

ii) potassium

iii) chloride 

iv) hydride 

v) valence electrons

Column II 

a) electronic configuration resembles helium 

b) Electronic configuration resembles argon 

c) electrons in outermost shell 

d) monoatomic non metal 

e) monoatomic metal 

11) Tick the correct answer :

a) Which of the following is an atom?

i) Br₂ ii) Ca²⁺ iii) K iv) Br¹⁻

b) which of the following is a cation ?

i) Cl₂ ii) Fe²⁺ iii) Al iv) Br¹⁻

c)  Which of the following is an anion ?

i) O₂ ii) B³⁺ iii) S iv) Br¹⁻

d)  Which is the following is NOT an element ?

i) KCl ii) P₄ iii) S iv) H₂

e) which of the following has excess electrons ?

i)  B³⁺ ii) Br¹⁻ iii) Br iv) Br₂

f) which of the following is deficient in electrons ?

i)  B³⁺ ii) Br¹⁻ iii) Br iv) Br₂

g) Which of the following is a noble gas?

i)  2, 8, 1 ii) 2  iiu) 2, 8, 8 iv) Both b and c 

h) which of the following will not combine to form compound?

i) Radon ii) Carbon iiu) nitrogen  iv) magnesium 

i) which statement is true for an atom with three valence electrons ?

i) it is a metal 

ii) it is a nonmetal

iii)  it is a noble gas

iv) it is a metalloid 

j) which statement is True for element with atomic number 7?

i) it is a non metal

ii) it is a metalloid

iii) it is a noble gas 

iv) it is a metal

k) The ions of _____ have the same electronic configuration.

i) Sodium and potassium

ii) potassium in chlorine

iiu) Sulphur and sodium 

iv) fluorine and chlorine 

l) An atom having atomic number 13 will ____3 electrons to form a £___.

i) lose, anions ii) lose, cations iiu) gain, anion iv) gain cation 

m) An atom having atomic number 18 will ____electrons.

i) lose electrons 

ii) gain electrons 

iii) neither loose or gain  iv) none 

n) valency of ammonium is 3 (+) and sulphide is 2(-). Hence formula of Aluminium sulphide is:

i) Al₃S₂ ii) Al₂S₃ iii) AlS iv) AlS₃ 

i) valency of magnesium(UV)  is 4(+) and oxygen is 2 (-). formula of manganese oxide is :

i) MnO₂ ii) MnO₄ iii) Mn₂O₄ iv) MnO

LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY 

1) Write the formula for the compounds formed from the following ions :

a) Na¹⁺ , Cl¹⁻

b) Ba²⁺ , F¹⁻

c) K¹⁺ , S²⁻

d) Li¹⁺ , Br¹⁻

e) Al³⁺, I¹⁻

f) Zn²⁺, S²⁻

g) Ag¹⁺, I²⁻

h) Mg²⁺, P³⁻

i) Ni²⁺ , O²⁻

j) Al³⁺, O²⁻

k) Fe²⁺, O²⁻

l) Fe³⁺, O²⁻

m) Pb²⁺, S²⁻

n) Cr³⁺, S²⁻

o) Cu¹⁺, Cl¹⁻

p) Cu²⁺, Cl¹⁻

q) Pb²⁺, I²⁻

r) Pb⁴⁺, I²⁻

s) Mn²⁺, Br¹⁻

t) Mn⁴⁺, Br¹⁻

2) Write the chemical formula of:

a) Sodium bicarbonate 

b) calcium oxide 

c) magnesium nitrade

d) Silver sulphide 

e) potassium chloride

f) potassium permanganate 

g) Ammonium dichromate 

h) Ferrous sulphate 

i) Lead(II)  nitrate 

j) Barium hydroxide 

k) Iron(II) carbonate 

l) Barium chloride 

m) Sodium bysulphate

n) Copper (I) oxide

o) Ferric hydroxide

p) Magnesium sulphate

q) Mercuric chloride

r) Arsenic sulphide

s) Auric chloride 

t) Manganese (IV) oxide (manganese dioxide)

u) Ammonium phosphate

v) Ferric sulphate

w) Ammonium carbonate 

3) Name the following ionic compounds using Roman numeral where necessary.

a) BaCl₂

b) NaF

c) Ag₂O

d) CuBr

e) CuBr₂

f) FeO

g) Fe₂O₃

h) MgS

i) Al₂O₃ 

m) K₂S

n) CoCl₂

o) CrCl

p) CaO

q) (NH₄)₃PO₄

r) Hg₂I₂

s) Na₂O

t) Al₂S₃

u) MnO₂

4) Balance the following equations:

a) NaNO₃ --> NaNO₂ + O₂

b) KClO₃ --> KCl + I₂

c) Fe + Cl₂ --> FeCl₃

d) FeCl₂ + Cl₂ --> FeCl₃

e) Cu(NO₃)₂--> CuO + NO₂ + O₂

f) NH₄NO₂ --> N₂+  H₂O

g) NH₄NO₃ --> N₂O + H₂O

h) Ag₂O --> Ag + O₂

i) (NH₄)₂Ce₂O₇ --> Cr₂O₃ + H₂I + N₂

j) CuO + NH₃ --> Cu + N₂ + H₂O

k) (NH₄)₂CO₃ --> NH₃ + H₂O + CO₂

l) Zn + HCl --> ZnCl₂ + H₂

m) H₂O₂ --> H₂O + O₂

n) Fe + O₂ --> Fe₃O₄

o) Fe + H₂O--> Fe₃O₄ + H₂

p) P + O₂ --> P₂O₅

q) Al + O₂--> Al₂O₃

r) SO₂ + O₂ --> SO₃

s) ZnS + O₂ --> ZnO + SO₂

t) CO₂ + C --> CO

u) CO + O₂ --> CO₂

v) Mg(NO₃)₂+ KOH --> Mg(OH)₂ + KNO₃

w) N₂ + H₂ --> NH₃

x) Na + H₂O --> NaOH + H₂

y) K₂O + H₂O ---> KOH

5) Write balanced molecular equations for the following equations

a) potassium nitrate --> potassium+ Oxygen 

b) Zinc+ Sulphuric acid --> Zinc sulphate+ hydrogen 

c) phosphorus pentoxide+ water --> Phosphoric acid 

d) Ammonium dichromate --> chronic oxide+ nitrogen+ water 

e) Copper+ Oxygen --> Copper (II) oxide 

f) Carbon+ nitric acid --> carbon dioxide+ nitrogen dioxide+ water 

g) Aluminium bromide+ Chlorine --> Aluminium chloride+ Bromine 

h) Nitrogen+ Oxygen --> nitric oxide 

i) Ammonium carbonate --> ammonia+ carbon dioxide+ water 

j) Zinc + Steam --> Zinc oxide+ hydrogen 

k) Zinc + Iron (II) sulphate --> zinc sulphate+ Iron

l) Sodium phosphate+ Calcium nirate --> sodium nitrate+ calcium phosphate.

6) Write the formula of the following compounds:

a) Ammon sulphate 

b) Ferric hydroxide 

c) Copper (II) nitrate 

d) Lead (II) nitrate 

e) Potassium ferrocyanide 

f) Zinc sulphite

7) The elements Z forms and oxide ZO₃.

i) What are the valency of element Z ?

ii) What will be the formula of fluoride of Z ?

8) An element X forms the following compounds with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

CX₂ ; H₂X ; XO₂ ; XO₃.  

State three valencies of elements X which are illustrated by these compounds.

9)  Balance the following right equations .

a) H₂S + SO₂ --> S + H₂O₂.

b) KMnO₄ + HCl --> KCl + MnCl₂ + H₂O + Cl₂

c) NH₃ + Cl₂ --> NH₄Cl + N₂

d) FeCl₃ + NaOH --> Fe(OH)₃ + NaCl

e) NH₃ + O₂ --> NO + H₂O

10) Write the following equation and balance them.

a) Copper + nitric acid --> Copper (II) nitrate + water + nitric oxide 

b) Aluminium + sodium hydroxide + water ---> sodium aluminate+ hydrogen

c)  Iron + sulphuric acid --> Ferrous sulphate+ hydrogen

d)  Zinc sulphide + oxygen --> zinc oxide+ sulphur dioxide 

e) Magnesium nitride + water-->  Magnesium hydroxide +  ammonia 

11) Write the formula and valency of the following radicals :

a) ferric 

b) Ferrocyanide 

c) Carbide 

d) Sulphide 

e) Oxide 

f) Phosphate 

12) Write the formula of the following compounds :

a) Potassium chloride 

b) calcium chloride 

c) Sodium sulphide 

d) potassium permanganate 

e) chromium sulphate

f) nickel nitrate

g) Copper (II) carbonate 

h) Sodium nitrate 

i) Calcium bicarbonate 

j) Aluminium sulphate 

13) Name the following compounds:

a) NaH

b) NaHCO₃

c) Ag₂S

d) CaCO₃

e) K₂Cr₂O₇

f) MnO₂

g) (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇

h) K₂MnO₄

14) MCO₃ is the formula of carbonate of a metal . What will be the formula of chloride and Phosphate of the metal?

15) Tick the correct answer 

a) nitrogen has the following valencies :

i) 1, 2 and 3 ii) 1, 3 and 5 iii) 1, 2 and 5 iv) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

b) Fe³⁺ is also called:

i)  ferrous ii) ferric  iiu) iron iv) all of these

c) The formula of silv oxide is:

i)  Ag₂O ii) AgO iiu) AgO₂ iv) Ag₂O₃

d) The chemical name of CuSO₄ is 

i) copper sulphide ii) copper (II) sulphate 

iii) copper (I) sulphate iv) copper bysulphate 

e) FeCl₂ is named 

i) Ferrous chloride 

ii) Iron(II ) chloride 

iii) Ferric chloride 

iv) both a and b 

f) Which of the following is a balanced equation?

i) Na+ H₂O---> NaOH + H₂

ii) 2Na+ H₂O--> 2NaOH + H₂

iii) 2Na+ 2H₂O--> 2NaOH + H₂

iv) 2Na+ H₂O--> 2NaOH + 2H₂

g) Which information is not given by a chemical equation?

i) rate of reaction 

ii) physical state of reactants

iii) temperature of reaction 

iv) all of these 

h) Which of the following is a balanced equation?

i) 8NH₃+ 3Cl₂--> 6NH₄Cl + N₂

ii) 4NH₃ + 5O₂--> 4NO + 6H₂O

iii) 3CuO + 2NH₃ --> 3Cu + 3H₂O + N₂

iv) all of these 

i) According to the law of conservation of matter:

i) Matter can be transformed from but not destroyed

ii) matter can neither created nor destroyed 

iii) The total matter in the universe is constant 

iv) all of these 

j) which of the following is not a radical ?

i) No₂ ii) NO₂¹⁻ iii) N³⁻ iv) NO₃¹⁻

k) which of the following is a radical ?

i) SO₃²⁻ ii) SO₃ iii) SO₂ d) none 

l) Which of the following is a basic radical?

i) SO₃ ii) NO₂ iii) NO₂¹⁻ iv) none 

m) Which of the following is an acid radical?

i) SO₃ ii) NO₂ iii) NO₂¹⁻ d) none 

n) Which is a skeletal equation?

i) K+ H₂O--> KOH+ H₂

ii) K+ H₂--> KH

iii) K + Cl₂--> KCl

iv) all of these 

o) Which is a molecule?

i) SO₃ ii) NO₂ iii) SO₂  iv) all of these 

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 

A) Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct alternative out of those given with brackets:

1) Control and coordination of various activities of a body take place due to___(nervous system/ endocrine system/ nervous and endocrine system)       

2) Hormones are secreted directly into the___ (blood/organs).        

3)____ secrets oxytocin. (posterior lobe of pituitary/ anterior lobe of pituitary /ovary)

4) ADH is secreted by the____ (interior pituitary/posterior pituitary/brain)

5) Oxytocin causes contraction of the___ (vessels/uterus/ body)

6) hypothyroidism in adults leads to____(cretinism / myxoedema/goitre)

7) The_____ is known as the emergency hormone. (glucagon/ adrenaline /oestrogen)

8) Addison's disease is caused due to deficiency of____ (mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoids/glycogen/insulin)

9) Cretinism is caused due to the deficiency of____(thyroxine/ blood/progesterone)

10) Hormones are___ which help to co-ordinate the functions of the of the body(enzymes/ chemical substances)

11) chemically some hormones are___, some steroids and some amines.(carbohydrates/ proteins)

12) The glands with duct are called ____(endocrine gland/ exocrine gland /vessels)

13) Beta cells of islets of langerhans produce____( insulin/ thyroxine/oestrogen)

14) Hormones are called __. (information molecules/ bio catalyst/catalysts)

15) Deficiency of insulin results in diabetes___.(mellitus/ insipidus/ myxoedema)

16) Malfunctioning of thyroid gland thyroid in infant causes__ ( cretinism/myxoedema/goitre)

17) ____is a disorder caused by excess thyroid hormone.(myxoedema/ simple goitre/ exophthalmic goitre)

B) Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative out of those given in the list :::[Larynx, hormone, gignatism, anterior pituitary, thymus, thyroid gland, adrenal]

1) thyroid is located close to___.       

2) The chemical substances secreted by the endocrine system is known as____.         

3) over secretion of somatotropic hormone in children leads to__.          

4) follicle stimulating hormone is produced by_____.             

5) _____ gland is partly and endocrine and partly lymphoid.      

6) exothermic goitre is caused due to the over activity of___.      

7) cortex and medulla are to regaions of____ gland.      

C) Complete the following table.

Gland/organ. Hormone   function

1) _____       Vasopressin  ______.             

2) _____       Prolactin        _______.           

3) _____          _____     Regulates basal metabolism.               

4) pancreas    ____         ________.                

5) _______      ____         increases heart beat.            

6) _____. Thyroid stimulating hormone    ___.       Pituitary gland,    

                     

7) Islets of langerhans    _______.      ______ .    

8) ______      Adrenaline      ______      

9) ________.  Thyroxine        ______.       

10) ______         LH                 _______       

11) ______  oestrogen           ______.          

12) Alpha cells _____.           ______.            

13)_____          ___  protruding eyes.            

14) Lachrymal _____.             ______.          

15) ______          ______.  Gignatism.       

16)_____ testosterone        ______.     

17) Adrenal  ______             _______.     

18) ______       ______       influences metabolism of cells.     

19) Lachrymal _____        _________.        

20) _______ growth hormone  _____.       

D) NAME THE FOLLOWING::

1) The expansion of STH and ACTH.         

2) The two portions of adrenal gland .       

3) The cause of diabetes mellitus.       

4) The gland which is called master gland .          

5) The other name of hormone.          

6) The two hormones secreted by neurohypophysis.    

7) The disease caused by the deficiency of STH in children.     

8) The hormone that promotes the growth of in our body.      

 

9) The hormone which controls the water exchange in the Renal tubules.     

10) The hormone associated with lactation in mammals.       OR 

The hormone of pituitary that helps in child birth.         

11) The gland which is exocrine as well as endocrine                  OR

The gland which which secrets insulin.        

12) A condition caused due to over secretion of thyroxine .      

13) The disease caused by the over secretion of STH in children.   

14) The types of glands that secrete hormones.     

15) The disease caused by the deficiency of Iodine.   

16) The structure which controls the master gland.     

17) The hormones of the pituitary gland which controls the activity of adrenal gland.          

18) Organic substances which act as biocatalyst.    

19) The hormone which controls (i.e., reduces) the level of sugar in blood, and the gland which secretes it.       

20) The diseases caused by the malfunctioning of thyroid gland.      

21) The two types of cells seen in islets of Langerhans.     

22) The hormones that control blood glucose level.     

23) The hormone that controls the basal metabolic rate.      OR

The hormone secreted by thyroid gland.        

24) The gland which functions actively in emergency situations. OR 

an endocrine gland which produces emergency hormone.    

25) The hormone secreted by beta cell of islet of langerhans.       OR

The hormone secreted by Beta cells of pancreas.     

26) The hormone that releases glucose into the blood.     

E) MATCH THE COLUMNS

Column I 

1) Cretinism 

2) Diabetes mellitus 

3) insulin shock 

4) Gignatism 

5) Exothalmic goitre

Column II 

a) shortage of glucose in blood

b) over secretion of growth hormone

c) excess of glucose in blood

d) over secretion of thyroxine

e) dwarfism and mental retardation.

F) MATCH THE COLUMNS

Column I 

1) acromegaly     

2) Addison's disease  

3) insulin shock  

4) Cretinism   

5) Dwarfism   

Column II 

a) under secretion of adrenal cortex.

b) under secretion of thyroxine in children.

c) over secretion of growth hormone.

d) under secretion of growth hormone.

e) over secretion of insulin.

G) MATCH THE COLUMNS::

Column I 

1) Myxoedema.   

2) Tetany

3) Gignatism.  

4) diabetes insipidus 

5) Diabetes mellitus  

Column II 

a) hyposecretion of growth hormone during growth years.

b) under secretion of insulin

c) decreased calcium in the the  blood.

d) under secretion of thyroxine in adult of thyroxine in adult.

e) under secretion of posterior pituitary.

H) SHORT QUESTIONS:::

1) Name four hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary.      

2) What hormones are separated from the posterior lobe of pituitary ?        

3) What is the other name of insulin ?      

4) Which hormone promotes the  reabsorption of sodium ions from the renal tubules ?        

5) some adult women may develop facial hair. What may be the cause of it ?      

6) State three characteristics of hormones.

7) Name three organs that are endocrine as well as exocrine in function, Also name their endocrine secretions.

8) What is acromegalic condition and which hormone is involved in it ?

9) Why are the chemical signals of the hormones slower than the nerve impulses?

10) Name the hormone and endocrine gland which require iodine for their functioning.

11) Name the main chemical substance present in thyroxine?     

12) if you stand to make your maiden speech before a large audience your mouth dries up and heart beat increases. what brings about these feelings?     

13) What is the function of anti diuretic hormone(ADH)?

14)a) What is diabetes mellitus? 

b) How it is caused ?

15) Where is the pituitary gland located ?

16) What is the function of somatotropic hormone? Name the diseases caused due to the over and under secretion of this hormone.

17) Why are hormones called chemical messengers ?

18)a) Where is thyroid gland present ?

b) Which hormones are secreted by it ?

19) What is the diabetes insipidus ?

20) Give the main functions of:

A) Testosterone

B) Oestradiol

C) progesterone

D) Relaxin

E) Oxytocin

21) GIVE FUNCTION OF:

A) thyroxine 

B) insulin

23) Name the blood vessels which transport the hormones.       

24) STATE the effects of over secretion of the following:

A) thyroxine.             

B) parathormone.       

C) somatotropin.     

D) adrenaline.      

25) Name some endocrine glands present in men.

26) In Which part Adrenaline is produced ?   

27) Name the hormone produced by the following glands in each case state one function of the hormone.

A) Thyroid

B) pancreas

C) adrenal medulla

28) Name the hormone secreted by the delta cells of the Islets of Langerhans.     

30)a) What are endocrine glands

b)  What do they secrete.

32) Explain why adrenaline is called the emergency hormone.

33) Define hormone:

34)a) Name the endocrine cells present in the pancreas.       

b) Name two hormones secreted by above-mentioned cells.  

c) Mention one main function of each hormone named in (b).         

36) Given below is a set of terms belonging to a common category. Find the category and the odd term:

A) steroid, cortisone, testosterone, adrenaline, prolactin.

37) State whether the following statement is true or false. If false rewrite the correct statement by changing the first or last word only.

Hormones are secreted directly into the organs.

39) State whether the following statement is true or false. If false, rewrite the correct statement by changing the first word only.

a)Testosterone is an androgen.

40) Name the hormone which lead to the following conditions:

A) Diabetes mellitus.      

B) growth of beard in women.  

C) Myxoedema.        

D) Gignatism.       

E) exothermic goitre.  

41) State whether the following statement is true or false. If false write the correct statement by changing the last word only.

# The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete insulin.

J) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

Select the correct answer out of the four available choices given under each question.

1) Which of the following symptoms is least likely to be a symptom of hypothyroidism ?

A) Mental sluggishness

B) slow reflexes

C) feeling cold

D) loss of weight.

2) Pituitary hormones are not involved in the regulation of which of the following?

A) thyroid gland cortex

B) adrenal

C) Islet of Langerhans

D) overy

3) Which hormone contains Iodine?

A) thyroxine 

B) Oxytocin 

C) insulin 

D) Oestrogen

4) Which organ is the site of glucose to glycogen conversion?

A) thyroid 

B) pancreas 

C) liver 

D) pituitary

5) Which organ produces a hormone which stimulates thyroxine production?

A) adrenal 

B) liver 

C) thyroid 

D) pituitary

6) which organ produces digestive enzymes and hormones

A) pancreas 

B) thyroid 

C) Pituitary

D) liver 

7) which of the following is an effect ?

A) conversion of glucose to glycogen.

B) increase in flow of blood to skeletal muscles.

C) increased water reabsorption in kidney.

D) production of sperm cells.

8) Deficiency of which during early infancy causes cretinism ?

A) adrenaline

B) insulin

C) Oestrogen

D) thyroxine 

9) Which hormone is responsible for injecting milk from the mammary glands glands ?

A) Oestrogen

B) FSH

C) LH

D) Oxytocin.

Physical and Chemical changes 

1) Substances pocess characteristics called properties by which they can be distinguished or identified. From the list of properties given below state which are physical and which are chemical.

a) Thermal conductivity.

b) liquification temperature.

c) Solidification point.

d) Action with indicators.

e) Reaction with dilute acid.

2) Listed below are certain characteristics of physical and chemical changes, identify the correct characteristics for the respective change.

a) loses its identity.

b) changes in form and state.

c) undergoes no change in its fundamental nature .

d) retains its identity.

e) undergoes a temporary change.

f) undergoing the change, changes in mass.

g) evolves or absorbs energy during the change.

h) undergoes change in certain physical properties only.

i) reverts back to original on removal of the change.

j) neither adds nor removes matter from itself.

k) forms at least one new product.

l) releases energy, which is required for completion of the change on reversal of the change.

3) In terms of the factors given below differentiate a physical change from a chemical change occuring in a substance.

a) composition 

b) energy 

c) mass 

4) State whether the following are physical or chemical changes.

a) vaporization.

b) sublimation.

c) liquification 

d) fermentation 

e) dehydration

f) Putrefaction

g) Rain cycle

h) Carbon cycle.

i) Nitrogen cycle.

j) on magnetization.

k) on rusting.

l) an addition to Copper sulphate solution.

m) burning of a candle.

n) melting of paraffin wax.

o) ripening of a fruit.

p) drying fruit.

q) drying paint.

r) drying of white wash.

s) dissolution of copper sulphate in water .

t) dissolution of carbon dioxide in water.

u) dissolution of iron in dilute HCl

v) passage of current through an electric bulb.

w) passage of current through acidified water.

x) passage of current through copper metal.

z) digestion of food.

a') respiration animals.

b') heat on camphor.

c') heat on Potassium chloride.

d') souring of milk.

e') boiling of milk .

5) Give reasons for the following changes. The reasons should include characteristics such as composition, nature of its change, energy changes or changes in mass of the substance if any.

a) Addition of sodium chloride to water is considered a physical change , while addition of sodium to water a chemical.

b) magnetization of iron is deemed a physical change while addiction of iron to silver nitrate solution and rusting of iron are deemed chemical changes .

c) Heating a platinum wire in a non-luminous flame prior to performance of the flame test is considered a physical change, but heating an iron wire in a bunsen burner is a chemical change.

d) Action of heat on ammonium chloride results in formation of a basic gas and an acidic gas while action of heat on ammonium nitrite result in formation of steam and nitrogen, even then the former is deemed a physical change while the latter a chemical.

e) Heating zinc oxide in a hard glass test tube is a physical change but heating red lead in a test tube or burning of carbon in oxygen or air is deemed a chemical change.

f) Dissolution of sugar in water is physical change while burning of paper is a chemical change.

g) magnetization of iron is a physical change while rusting of iron is a chemical change.

h) Addition of zinc to dilute hydrochloric acid is a chemical change.

i) Change of State of matter is a physical change.

j) Burning and respiration are considered as chemical changes.

k) Photosynthesis is considered a photochemical reaction.

l) Energy released during respiration and burning differ.

6) Differentiation between physical and chemical properties. Classify the following properties as physical or chemical properties.

a) Solubility 

b) odour

c) indicator test

d) electrical conductivity

e) dissolution in water

7) Select as Physical/changes

a) Ripening of a fruit

b) curdling of milk

c) melting of wax

d) the carbon cycle

e) separation of two liquids by distillation

f) melting of butter

g) formation of rain

h) boiling of liquid air

i) Composition of the molecules of the substance is altered.

j) change takes place in colour and solubility of substance only.

k) Energy required for completion of the change is released on reversing the change.

l) Matter undergoes changes, but the total mass is unaltered.

m) Change takes place in form or state only.

n) Oxidation of food substance in body cells.

o) Sublimation of iodine

p) Clotting of blood

q) Heat on zinc carbonate

r) Burning of magnesium

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES - A

1) Substances possess characteristics called properties by which they can be distinguished or identified. From the list of properties given below state which are physical and which are chemical .

a) Rhermal conductivity.

b) Liquification temperature.

c) Solidification point.

d) Action with indicators.

e) Reaction with dilute acids .

2) Listed below are certain characteristics of physical and chemical changes, identify the correct characteristics for the respective change.

a) losers its identity.

b) changes in form and state.

c) undergoes no change in its fundamental nature.

d) retains its identity.

e) undergoes a temporary change.

f) undergoing the change, changes in mass.

g) evolves or absorbs energy during the change.

h) undergoes change in certain physical properties only.

i) reverts back to original on removal of the change.

j) neither adds nor removes matter from itself.

k) forms atleast one new product.

l) releases energy, which is required for completion of the change on reversal of the change.

 

3) State whether the following are physical or chemical changes.

a) Interconversation of matter 

    i) vaporization 

    ii) sublimation 

    iii) liquification 

b) Fermentation 

c) Dehydration 

d) Putrefaction 

e) Natural processess

    i) Rain cycle 

    ii) Carbon cycle 

    iii) Nitrogen cycle 

f) changes in iron

    i)  on a magnetisation 

   ii) on rusting

   iii)  on addition to copper sulphate solution.

g)  Effect on hydrocarbons 

    i) burning of a candle.

   ii) melting of paraffin wax.

h) Changes in a fruit

   i) ripening of a fruit .

   ii) drying of fruits .

i) Changes in a point

     i) drying of a point.

    ii) drying of white wash.

j) Dissolution of substances 

    i) dissolution of copper sulphate in water.

    ii) dissolution of carbon dioxide in water.

    iii) dissolution of iron in dilute HCL.

k) Passage of electricity 

  i) passage of current through an electric bulb.

  ii) passage of current through acidified water.

  iii) passage of current through copper metal 

l) Bio-chemical processes

   i)  digestion of food.

   ii) respiration in animals.

m) Thermal changes

   i)  heat on camphor 

   ii) heat on potassium chloride

n) Changes in milk

  i) souring of milk.

  ii) boiling of milk.

i) Combustion 

   i) burning of kerosene oil.

  ii) burning of petroleum gas.

a) A body will sink_____ in pure water than in seawater.

b) An iron nail sinks in water but can float on _____.

c) Solids have ____density than liquids and liquids have ____density than gases.

d) The SI unit of density is_____

e) Mass = density x _____.

f) The density of an object remains____.

g) Density of water is ____.

h) Solids which are denser then a liquid_____ in that liquid.

i) Compared to liquid, gases are____ dense.

a) The type of the motion in which whole body displaced is called______.

b) Turning effect of force depends on___ and____.

c) In bicycle pedal force applied to the chain is ____then force applied at the pedal .

d) Sleepers below the rail track are used to _____weight and____ pressure on the ground.

e) The tip of the needle is made sharp to ____the pressure on it.

f) The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth is called ____.

g) in steering wheel the turning effect is maximum when forces are applied ____to the wheel.

h) The force acting ____to the surface is called thrust.

i) The tyres of vehicles designed to carry heavy load are____ as compared to those of cycles and bikes.

j) foundations of high rise buildings are made wide so that load is___ over a ___area.

k) 1 kgf= ____N(nearly ).

l) moment of force = ____ distance x distance of force from the point of turning.

m) in a door, handle is provided___ from the hinges.

n) pressure is the thrust acting on a surface of ____area.

o) the unit of pressure is ____

p) pressure increases on ____the depth.

a) SI unit of work is ____.

b) The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position in a gravitational field is called its____

c) energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only ____

d) As mass m and v² are always positive, therefore ____is always positive, i.e.,  cannot be negative.

e) When the pendulum oscillates it has____ at the extreme position and ____at the mean positions.

a) Glasses is optically____ than air.

b) Speed of light is____ in air.

c) When a Ray of light moves from glass into air it bends___ the normal.

d) Bending of light when it moves from one medium into another is called___  of light.

e) ____ mirror is used in solar farms.

f) Real image can be taken on____.

g) concave mirror has a _____focus.

h) A concave mirror is a ____mirror.

i) Splitting of light into its constituent colours is called___

j) light consists of ____colours.

a) Unit of loudness is______.

b)  any sound above 85 dB can____.

c) sound is a form of ____which excites in our ears the ___ of hearing.

d) Pitch is a sensation which determines____ of sound.

e) ____ is a continuous sound especially of someone speaking, that does not change in pitch .

f) The number of vibrations made by the vibrating body in 1 second is called ___.

g) Wind instrument produce sound when____ is blown in them.

Class Ix Revision (2026/27)

 

ANIMAL TISSUE 

A) State whether the following statement are true or false:

1) Epithelial cells rest upon a thin basement membrane.

2) Animal tissues are less diverse than plant tissues.

3) Epithelium protects the organs from the mechanical injury.

4) Epithelial cells are exclusively protective tissues .

5) Epithelial cells lack intercellular speces.

6) Tendons and Ligaments connect two bones and provide movement.

7) Blood plasma is straw-coloured fluid.

8) External ear is made up of flexible cartilage.

9) Ligaments allows the tissues to resist mechanical stress.

10) Haemoglobin provides red colour to the blood.

11) Lymph is straw-coloured because of the presence of WBC s.

12) The muscles of limbs are striped in work at our will.

13) Cardiac muscles work continuously.

14) The axons bundle together to form a muscle.

15) Nerves receive the message through dendrons .

16) Smooth muscles are cylinderical and elongated.

17) Blood and lymph constitute the fibrous connective tissue.

18) Cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles have striated apreence.

19) Voluntary muscles are found in the internal organs of the body.

20) The dendrons of nerves transmits messages to the other nerves.

21) Adipose tissue protects us from external socks.

22) Lymph is straw-coloured and lacks WBCs

B) Choose the correct option :

1) Which of the following is not a connective tissue ?

a) Adipose tissue b) blood c) cartilage d) Nerves 

2) Tendons is a tissue that connects

a) a bond to another bone.

b) a nerve to a muscle

c) a muscle to a bone

d) a muscles to another muscle.

3) Cardiac muscles are 

a) branched and voluntary

b) branched and involuntary 

c) unbranched and voluntary

d) unbranched and involuntary 

4) The cells responsible for blood clotting are

a) erythrocytes 

b) leukocytes 

c) chondrocytes

d) thrombocytes

5) Which of the following is not a connective tissue 

a) bone b) blood  c) cartilage d) epithelium 

C) Fill in the blanks with missing words:

1) Cartilage consists of____ cells while the cells of bones are called____.

2) ____ muscles help in the moment of the food in food pipe.

3) _____ blood cells protect the body against pathogens.

4) The nervous tissue helps in the ____and____ of body.

5) ____ muscles never take rest.

6) The adipose tissue is responsible for the storage of ______.

D) Match the following 

Column A 

1) spindle-shaped

2) Sendrites 

3) Haemoglobin 

4) Blood clotting

5) Striated muscles 

6) Heart

Column B

a) Erythrocytes 

b) Platelets

c) Skeletal muscles 

d) Neuron

e) Cardiac muscles

f) Smooth muscles 

E) Pick out odd one out 

1) Bone, blood, tendon, nerve.

2) Involuntary, cardiac, skeletal, smooth.

3) Cardiac, axon, smooth, skeletal.

4) Areolar , ligament, adipose, cartilage 

F) Name the type of tissue found in 

1) brain and spinal cord.

2) between two bones.

3) On the surface of human skin.

4) between muscles in bones.

5) hands and legs.

6) the wall of the heart.

G) Identify the following tissue :

1) Muscular tissue that works at our will.

2) Straw-coloured fluid connective tissue lacking RBCs.

3) Muscles that does not get tired.

4) Muscles that helps to pick up objects .

5) Skeletal connective tissue composed of chondrocytes.

6) Fluid connective tissue on containing RBCs.

H) Observe the figure carefully and answer the questions given below.

a) Identify the muscular tissue.

b) Write any two features by which you identified the tissue.

c) Where will you find this tissue in your body.

d) Are these muscles voluntary or involuntary ?

e) Name the other two kinds of muscles present in our body. Write two features and at least one function of each kind of muscle.

 

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS 

A) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words

1) The arrangement of the organisms into groups on the basis of their features is known as____

2) ____ is the lowest category of classification.

3) _____ kingdom classification is the oldest system of classification.

4) Kingdom____ was included in three kingdom classification.

5) Five kingdom classification proposed by ______

6) _____helpd us to understand the life from basic features.

7) _____Kingdom contains prokaryotic organisms.

8) ______and____ bacteria present in the curd help in its formation.

9) Amoeba reproduces by the process of____ fission .

10) Bacteria are of industrial importance to produce____and____.

11) Protists are ____organisms because of the presence of well-defined____.

12) ____is used in bakeries for making bread and cakes .

13) Two common fungi are _____and____.

14) _____ is saprophytic fungus.

15) All the organisms including Kingdom____ are autotrophic.

16) The cell wall of all plants is made up of _____.

17) The new Kingdom proposed by Haeckel includes____ eukaryotes.

18) Classification arranges organisms into groups on the basis of their____.

19) The animals which feed on dead organic matter are____.

20) The organisms belonging to the kingdom____ are Prokaryotes.

21) The antibiotics, penicillium, is obtained from a ____.

B) Choose the correct option:

1) All protozoans are

a) unicellular prokaryotes.

b) unicellular eukaryotes.

c) multicellular prokaryotes 

d) multicellular eukaryotes .

2) Staphylococcus belongs to Kingdom Monera as it is

a) unicellular eukaryote.

b) multicellular prokaryote.

c) unicellular prokaryote.

d) multicellular eukaryote.

3) The lowest category of classification is

a) family b) order c) genius d) species

4) Identify the correct group.

a) Monera - Yeast, mushroom, spirogyra 

b) Protista -- Paramesium, Euglena, amoeba 

c) Fungi -- Rhizopus, penicillium, Escherichia 

d) Plantae---- Pea, amoeba, yeast 

5) Only Kingdom comprising all autotrophs is

a) fungi b) Monera c) protista d) plantae

C) State whether the following statements are true or false:

1) Species is the highest category of classification.

2) All protists are unicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs.

3) Two Kingdom classification was proposed by Linnaeus.

4) Whittaker added Monera and Protists as new Kingdoms .

5) All fungi are parasitic organisms which derive nutrition from other organisms.

D) Pick out the odd one out:

1) Fungi, Yeast, bacteria, mushrooms.

2) Agaricus, Amoeba, Paramesium, Euglena .

3) Linnaeus, protista,  plantae,  Animalia.

4) Lactobacillus, Amoeba, Bacillus, Staphylococcus.

E) Identify the following picture and answer the following questions.

a) Name the organism and the kingdom it belongs to.

b) Write any two characteristic features of the Kingdom .

c) Give two more examples of the above Kingdom.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMAL 

A) Name the group to which the following animals belong:

Hydra, Amoeba , Earthworm, Ascaris, Tapeworm, Sycon, Euglena, Liver fluke.

B) Identify the group of animals from the following characteristics :

1) Gut with a single opening.

2) Body divided into segments.

3) Body unsegmented and flattened.

4) Excretion takes placed by nephridia 

5) Presence of Cnidoblasts.

6) Spines on the body.

7) Body covered by exoskeleton.

8) Pores on the body.

9) Nephridia as respiratory organs.

10) Presence of joints in appendages.

11) is segmented into ring-like segments.

12) has jointed legs .

13) is enclosed in a calcareous shell.

14) has a flat body

15) moves with the help of the tube feet .

16) moves with the help of pseudopodia.

C) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1) The tentacles of Hydra have____ cells .

2) Excretion in leech takes place through_____.

3) Ascaris lives in the____ of human beings.

4) Molluscs have ____ for locomotion.

5) ____ have three pairs of legs for movement.

6) The tube feet help in____ and capture of food.

7) The____ have a soft body and are covered with a hard____.

8) Hydra belongs to the phylum_____.

9) The backbone of animals is made up of small_____.

10) The body of arthropods is____and covered with____.

11) Earthworm has a____ body and has____ for excretion.

 

D) Name an organism which has the following features:

1)  Spines on skin.

2) unsegmented soft body enclosed in a shell .

3) Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen.

4) Head with two pairs of antennae.

E) Choose the correct option

1) Earthworm is an annelid because of the presence of 

a) tube feet 

b)  pores on body 

c) nephridia 

d) hard exoskeleton

2) The Echinoderms have

a) many jointed appendages 

b) a single foot for locomotion

c) small tube feet for movement

d) a well developed brain.

3) Identify the correct group.

a) Porifera-- Leech , Hydra, Tapeworm 

b) Annelida--- Crab, Lobster, Earthworm 

c) Arthropoda--- Cockroach, Prawn, Ant

d) Echinodermata--- Star fish, Prawn, Snail 

4) Cnidoblasts are the characteristic feature of 

a) cnidarians b) arthropods c) nematodes d) Molluscs 

5) Tube feet help in the moment of 

a) starfish 

b) earthworm 

c) roundworm 

d) flatworm 

F) State whether the following statements are true or false 

1) Body of Echinoderms has a large number of spines.

2) Ascaris is a parasitic form which lives in the human intestine.

3) Annelids have flame cells as excretory structures .

4) Invertebrates have tube-like structures in their body for blood flow.

5) Liver fluke is roundworm and has only one opening.

G) Pick the odd one out:

1) Earthworm, leech, roundworm , Annelida.

2) Octopus, slugs, snails , starfish 

3) Tube feet, starfish, jellyfish, 

4) Annelids, Mollusca, vertebrae, porifera.

5) exoskeleton, joints , foot, prawn 

H) Identify the picture and answer the following questions.

a) Name the organism and the phylum it belongs to.

b) Write any two characteristic features of the Phylum.

c) Give two more examples of the above Phylum

ATOMIC STRUCTURE 

1) Define the terms 

a) Atomic number 

b) Mass number 

c) Electron

2) From the symbol ⁴₂He for the elements helium, write down the mass number and the atomic number of the element.

3) a) Sulphur as an atomic number of 16 and a mass number of 31. State the number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of sulphur.

b) Give a simple diagram to show the electrons in an atom of sulphur.

4) ²⁴₁₂Mg and ²⁶₁₂ Mg are symbols of two isotopes and magnesium. compare the atoms of these isotopes with respect to:

a) the composition of their nuclei.

b) their electronic configurations .

c) give the reason why the two isotopes of magnesium have different mass numbers.

5) Chlorine is an element of atomic number 17. It is a mixture of two Isotopes having mass number of 35 and 37.

a) What is meant by "atomic number of an element"? What do you understand by an 'atom'.

b) Write down the electronic configuration the chlorine atom.

c) State the number of protons , electrons and a neutrons in the following isotopes: ³⁷Cl₁₇, ³⁷Cl₁₇.

d) Explain why the two atoms in (c) above have the same chemical reactions.

e) If molten magnesium chloride is electrolysed suggest suitable electrode(anode).      Carbon 

6) Five atoms are labelled V to Z

Atoms    mass number.  Atomic number 

 V               40                    20

 W              19                     9

 X                 7                     3

 Y               16                     8

 Z               14                     7

i) Which one of these atoms (a) contains 7 protons (b) has an electronic configuration 2.7 ?            Z, W

ii) Write down the formula of the compound formed by atoms X and Y.      X₂Y

7) Element X, Y, Z have atomic numbers 6, 9 and 12 respectively, Which one:

a) forms anions - negative ion.

b) forms cation - positive ion.

c) has 4 electrons in the outermost orbit.

8) The atoms of aluminium is represented by ²⁷Al₁₃. Write down the number of

a( electrons

b) protons

c( neutrons

d) the arrangement of electrons in the different orbits or shells in one atom of aluminium.

9) Name the element which does not contain any neutrons in its nucleus.

10) Elements A, B, C have atomic number 9, 20 and 10 respectively.

a) State which one is (i) a nonmetal (b) a metal  (c) a chemically insert

b) Write down the formula of the compound formed by two of the above elements.

11) Write down the electronic configuration of the following: 

a) ²⁷₁₃X

b) ³⁵₁₇Y.

Write down the number of electrons in X and neutrons in Y and the formula of the compound formed by X and Y.         XY₃

12) Write down:

a) The mass number of the atom having 20 neutrons and 15 protons.

b) The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom having atomic number 17 and mass number 37.

13) What is the relation between the number of protons and the number of electrons in an atom.

14) Copy and complete the following table relating to the atomic structure of some elements.

Element    At. No  Mass.no  pro  neu  elect 

Beryllium      4.        9                     

Fluorine        9                                10

Sodium                                           12      11

Phosphate.             31            15 

15) The electronic structure (configuration) of fluorine can be written as 2,7. In a similar way give the electronic configuration of:

a) aluminium

b) phosphorus

16) Represent each of the following:

a) a proton 'p'.

b) an electron 'e'.

c) a neutron  'n' in terms of its symbols showing the subscript and superscript values.

17) An element 'A' has mass number 23 and atomic number 11. State the 

a) number of neutrons in its shell.

b) electronic configuration of the element 'A'.

18) The following elements U and Z are given :

₃U, ₆V, ₉W, ₁₄X, ₁₈Y, ₂₀Z.

State the electronic configuration of each and state whether they are metals, non metals or insert gases.

19) Draw the geometrical atomic structure of each of the following atoms showing the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in each of them:

a) ¹²₆C 

b) ²³₁₁Na

c) ³¹₁₅P

d) ³⁹₁₉K

e) ⁴⁰₂₀Ca

20) Four elements A, B, C, D are given :

A shows the presence of 20 neutrons and 17 electrons.

B shows the presence of 18 neutrons, 17 protons and 17 electrons.

C shows the presence of 10 neutrons, 9 protons and 10 electrons.

D shows the presence of 4 neutrons , 3 protons and 1 electrons.

 State which of the above is-

a) an atom

b) a cation 

c) a pair of isotopes.

 Write the formula of the compound formed between D and C.

21) Difference between the terms -

a) stable and unstable electronic configuration

b) Duplet and octet rule 

c) Electron and proton 

d) atomic number and mass number 

e) nucleus and nucleons 

f) Valence shell and penultimate shell

22) Select the correct answer from the answers in brackets to complete each sentence.

a)  An element has electronic configuration 2, 8, 1 and 12 neutrons. Its mass number is ____( 11/23 /12).

b) The maximum number of electrons in M shell is _____(8/32/18).

c) Isotopes have same____( number of neutrons/ electronic configuration/ atomic masses).

d) An___( atom/ion) is capable of independence existence in solution.

e) An atom with electronic configuration 2,7 and mass number 19 will have____ (8/10/12).

23) Give reasons for the following:

a) the physical properties of isotopes of the same element are not identical.

b) the mass number of an atom is slightly less than the actual atomic mass.

c) the shells surrounding the nucleus of an atom are also called 'energy levels'.

d) Helium is chemically extremely unreactive.

e) Mass number is slightly less than the actual atomic mass.

24) Name the state the following:

a) the three isotopes of hydrogen.

b) Two elements having same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.

c) the valency of an element whose electronic configuration is 2, 8, 3.

d) the shell closest to the nucleus of an atom.

e) An element having valency zero.

25)

State the number of neutrons in each of the atoms A to E. Also state which of the atoms A to E is a metal.

26) Match the elements A to E in list 1 with their valencies in list 2 and with their nature in list 3.

List : 1

A) Atomic number 7, mass number 14

B) Electronic configuration 2,8.

C) neutrons 14, electrons 13

D) neutrons 22, protons 18.

E) electronic configuration 2,8,1

List: 2

1) -3

2) +1

3) +3

4) +2

5) 0

List: 3

X: metal 

Y: nonmetal 

Z: noble gas

RESPIRATION IN PLANTS 

A) Fill in the blanks with missing words:

1) The reaction of sugars with oxygen is called _____

2) Plants exchange gases with the ____passively.

3) Barks of woody stems of plants have___ for gaseous exchange.

4) Stomata are the opening present on the surface of ____ for gaseous exchange.

5) Roots have thin_____ which help the plant in oxygen intake.

6) The energy is released in the body by the____ of food .

7) _____produced in anaerobic respiration is used in the brewing industry.

8) The energy produced in____ respiration is less than the energy produced in____  respiration.

9) _____ is always produced in respiration, whether aerobic or anaerobic.

10) _____ is added to the moist dough of the flour to make bread and cake. 

11) _____rrespiration takes place in the absence of oxygen.

12) The roots takes up_____present in the speces between the____ particles.

13) _____and ____ are essential processes in plants which are complementary to each other.

14) Respiration is an____ process, while photosynthesis is an___ process.

15) Oxidation of food releases energy in the form of____ energy.

16) Leaves of the plants have _____for gaseous exchange. 

B) Choose the correct option:

1)  End products of anaerobic respiration are

a)  ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide 

b) ethyl alcohol and water

c) carbon dioxide and water 

d) water and energy 

2) After heavier exercise, human muscles cramp because of the accumulation of

a) alcohol  b) carbon dioxide c) lactic acid  d) uric acid

3) Lenticels are the special structures of gaseous exchange in 

a) succulent stems b) soft stems c) green stems d) woody stems 

4) choose the correct statement.

a) respiration in plants occurs day and night irrespective of photosynthesis.

b) respiration plants occurs only in night when plants do not for photosynthesis .

c) Rrespiration in plants occurs only during day time as plants use carbon dioxide released by photosynthesis .

d) plants do not need to respire as they use oxygen released during photosynthesis.

5) lactic acid produce during 

a) photosynthesis 

b) aerobic respiration 

c) anaerobic respiration 

d) fermentation 

C) State whether the following statements are true or false:

1) Respiration in plants can take place only in nights in the absence of photosynthesis.

2) Leaves of plants respire with the help of the Lenticels.

3) Each part of the plant can respire indivisually.

4) Yest respire aerobically as well as anaerobically depending on the conditions.

5) Roots of Water-logged plants respire  anaerobically .

D) Identify the figure given below and answer the following questions.

a) What does the above figure show ?

b) Name the pores present in the above figure.

c) Write the function of these pores.

d) Name the similar pores present in the leaves

___________&&&&______&&&&&&__&___

A) State whether the following are true or false:

1) The cells of a tissue are similar in structure but different and function.

2) Apical meristem is responsible for the elongation of the stem.

3) Meristem tissues can be called as growth tissues .

4) The meristematic cells are thick-walled.

5) The shoot apex contains lateral meristem.

6) Xylem and phloem are supporting tissues.

7) Phloem is made up of mainly dead cells.

8) Xylem helps to transport water in upward direction.

9) Phloem is present outside the xylem tissue.

10) Xylem and phloem consist of living cells.

11) Permanent tissue have definite form in size.

12) Meristematic tissue are also called growth tissues .

13) Intercalary meristem increases the diameter of the plant parts.

14) Parenchyma serves as the packing material in the body of an organism.

15) Sclerenchyma tissue is composed of live cells without any spaces in between.

16) Phloem is a living tissue while xylem is a dead tissue.

B) Name the simple permanent tissue which

a) is composed of thin-walled cells .

b) comprises dead cells 

c) has cells with large spaces in between.

d) is made up of cells whose cell wall is thickened at corners.

e) is present in the hard coverings of nuts.

C) Choose the correct option.

1) The thin-walled living cells found in the soft parts of a plant are 

a) parenchyma  b) collenchyma c) xylem d) phloem 

2) The plant tissue that helps in transportation of water is 

a) xylem b) phloem  c) sclerenchyma d) parenchyma

3) In potato, starch is stored in the 

a) phloem b) parenchyma c) sclerenchyma d) chlorenchyma 

4) Lignin is present in the cell walls of 

a) sclerenchyma b) parenchyma c) chlorenchyma d) collenchyma 

5) The cells of sclerenchyma are 

a) living and thin-walled 

b) living and thick-walled

c) dead and thin-walled 

d) dead and thick-walled 

D) Fill in the blanks with missing words.

1) Potato tubers store starch in_____ cells.

2) ____acts as cement and makes sclerenchyma hard.

3) Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is known as____

4) ____ tissue is responsible for the elongation of the stem .

5) The increase in the diameter the root occurs by the division of___ tissue.

E) Match the following:

Column A

1) Lignin deposit 

2) Manufacture of food 

3) Transportation of food

4) Base of leaves

5) Thickened corners 

Column B

a) Collenchyma 

b) intercalary meristem

c) Sclerenchyma 

d) Chlorenchyma 

e) Phloem 

F) Pick the odd one out :

1) Meristem , parenchyma, apical, intercalary 

2) Xylem, vascular, food, phloem.

3) Sclerenchyma , lignin, coconut, parenchyma.

4) Flexible , tissue, thickened corners , leaf stalk,  thin-walled 

G) Name the type of the tissue found:

1) At the top of the plant roots.

2) At the base of the leaves.

3) On the outer side of vascular bundle.

4) In the inner side of The vuscular bundle.

5) In the leaf stalks.

6) In the hard covering of seeds. 

H) Identify the following tissue:

1) plyant tissue consisting of cells with thickened corners.

2) Permanent plant issue with intercellular spaces.

3) Plant tissue that has lost its stability to divide.

4) Simple permanent plant tissue consisting of cells with thick cell walls.

5) Tissue responsible for the transportation of water in plants.

I) Observe the figure carefully and answer the questions given below :

a) identify the tissue.

b) Write any two features by which you identified this tissue.

c) Where will you find this tissue ?

d) Give any two functions of this tissue.

e)  Name two more tissues which have similar structure and function.

ANIMAL TISSUE 

A) State whether the following statement are true or false:

1) Epithelial cells rest upon a thin basement membrane.

2) Animal tissues are less diverse than plant tissues.

3) Epithelium protects the organs from the mechanical injury.

4) Epithelial cells are exclusively protective tissues .

5) Epithelial cells lack intercellular speces.

6) Tendons and Ligaments connect two bones and provide movement.

7) Blood plasma is straw-coloured fluid.

8) External ear is made up of flexible cartilage.

9) Ligaments allows the tissues to resist mechanical stress.

10) Haemoglobin provides red colour to the blood.

11) Lymph is straw-coloured because of the presence of WBC s.

12) The muscles of limbs are striped in work at our will.

13) Cardiac muscles work continuously.

14) The axons bundle together to form a muscle.

15) Nerves receive the message through dendrons .

16) Smooth muscles are cylinderical and elongated.

17) Blood and lymph constitute the fibrous connective tissue.

18) Cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles have striated apreence.

19) Voluntary muscles are found in the internal organs of the body.

20) The dendrons of nerves transmits messages to the other nerves.

21) Adipose tissue protects us from external socks.

22) Lymph is straw-coloured and lacks WBCs

B) Choose the correct option :

1) Which of the following is not a connective tissue ?

a) Adipose tissue b) blood c) cartilage d) Nerves 

2) Tendons is a tissue that connects

a) a bond to another bone.

b) a nerve to a muscle

c) a muscle to a bone

d) a muscles to another muscle.

3) Cardiac muscles are 

a) branched and voluntary

b) branched and involuntary 

c) unbranched and voluntary

d) unbranched and involuntary 

4) The cells responsible for blood clotting are

a) erythrocytes 

b) leukocytes 

c) chondrocytes

d) thrombocytes

5) Which of the following is not a connective tissue 

a) bone b) blood  c) cartilage d) epithelium 

C) Fill in the blanks with missing words:

1) Cartilage consists of____ cells while the cells of bones are called____.

2) ____ muscles help in the moment of the food in food pipe.

3) _____ blood cells protect the body against pathogens.

4) The nervous tissue helps in the ____and____ of body.

5) ____ muscles never take rest.

6) The adipose tissue is responsible for the storage of ______.

D) Match the following 

Column A 

1) spindle-shaped

2) Sendrites 

3) Haemoglobin 

4) Blood clotting

5) Striated muscles 

6) Heart

Column B

a) Erythrocytes 

b) Platelets

c) Skeletal muscles 

d) Neuron

e) Cardiac muscles

f) Smooth muscles 

E) Pick out odd one out 

1) Bone, blood, tendon, nerve.

2) Involuntary, cardiac, skeletal, smooth.

3) Cardiac, axon, smooth, skeletal.

4) Areolar , ligament, adipose, cartilage 

F) Name the type of tissue found in 

1) brain and spinal cord.

2) between two bones.

3) On the surface of human skin.

4) between muscles in bones.

5) hands and legs.

6) the wall of the heart.

G) Identify the following tissue :

1) Muscular tissue that works at our will.

2) Straw-coloured fluid connective tissue lacking RBCs.

3) Muscles that does not get tired.

4) Muscles that helps to pick up objects .

5) Skeletal connective tissue composed of chondrocytes.

6) Fluid connective tissue on containing RBCs.

H) Observe the figure carefully and answer the questions given below.

a) Identify the muscular tissue.

b) Write any two features by which you identified the tissue.

c) Where will you find this tissue in your body.

d) Are these muscles voluntary or involuntary ?

e) Name the other two kinds of muscles present in our body. Write two features and at least one function of each kind of muscle

CHEMISTRY TERMINOLOGY - CHEMICAL REACTIONS

      THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY 

1) A symbol represents a short form of an element.

a) In most cases the first letter of an element was taken as the symbol for that element. Give two examples of the same.

b) In certain cases in the first letter along with the its small letter from its name were used as the symbols. Give two examples of the same.

c) In some cases the symbols were derived from their Latin names. Name two metals . Whose symbols are derived from the same.

d) Sulphur is represented by the symbol 'S'. State how the symbol represents the elements i) qualitatively [i.e., representation in terms of an atom] ii) quantitatively, [i.e., representation in terms of weight].

2) Give reasons for the following:

a) In hydrogen chloride the valency of the element chlorine is considered as one.

b) Certain metals exhibit more than one valency and showing 'variable valency '.

c) All equations must be balanced.

d) A chemical equation provides useful information about a reaction.

e) All chemical equations have their limitations.

3) State the valency and name the ion or radical in each of the following cases given below (The first example is completed for you):

Electrical ent positive ions or radicals 

Symbol/Valency        Name

a) K¹⁺                        Potassium 

b) Na

c) H

d) NH₄

e) Ca

f) Mg

g) Zn

h) Ba

i) Ni

i) Co

j) Al

k) Cr

Variable valencies 

a) Cu¹⁺

b) Cu

c) Hg¹⁺

d) Hg

e) Fe²⁺

f) Fe

g) Mn²⁺

h) Mn

i) Pb²⁺

j) Pb

k) Pt²⁺

l) Pt

Electrovalent negative ion or radicals

Symbol/valency      Name

a) Cl¹⁻                     Chloride 

b) ClO₃

c) ClO

d) Br

e) I

f) OH

g) NO₂

h) NO₃

i) HCO₃

j) HSO₃

k) HSO₄

l) AlO₂

m) MnO₄

n) SO₃

o) SO₄

p) S

q) CO₃

r) O

s) CrO₄

t) Cr₂O₇

u) ZnO₂

v) PbO₂

w) PO₄

x) N

y) C

4) State the valency of each of the elements in the respective compounds:

a) Sulphur in    (i) sulphur dioxide 

                           ii) sulphur trioxide 

b) Nitrogen in    i) Nitrogen monoxide 

                           ii) Nitrogen dioxide 

                          iii) dinitrogen oxide 

                          iv) dinitrogen pentoxide 

c) Copper in      i) cupric oxide 

                          ii) Cuprous oxide 

5) Give the formulas of the following compounds whose metallic radical exhibits variable valency.

a) Cupric nitrate.

b) Cuprous chloride.

c) Iron(II) sulphate.

d) Mercuric nitrate.

e) Plumbous chloride.

f) Stannous chloride.

g) Mangannic sulphate.

h) Platinic chloride.

i) Mercurous chloride.

j) Iron [II] nitrate.

6) Give the name of the compounds whose formulas are listed below:

a) HNO₂       ___

b) HCO₃            |

c) H₂C₂O₄.        |

d) H₃PO₄          |   --- Acids

e) CH₃COOH _ |

g) Al(OH)₃

h) CaSiO₃.

i) Na₂ZnO₂.

j) K₂CrO₄.

k) Mg₃N₂.

7) A chemical equation is a shorthand form for a chemical change 

a) 2KClO₃  ---∆--> 2KCl + 3O₂.

     i) In the above reaction name the reactant and the products.

     ii) State what the arrow in between indicates.

8) Balance the following equations.

a) CuO+ NH₃ --> Cu + H₂O + N₂.

b) NH₃ + Cl₂ --> HCl + NCl₃.

c) Mg₃N₂ + H₂O --> Mg(OH)₂ + NH₃.

d) Pb₃O₄ + HCl --> PbCl₂ + H₂O + Cl₂.

e) Manganese [IV] + Hydrochloric acid --> Manganese (II) Chloride+ Water + Chlorine.

f) Potassium hydroxide + Chlorine --> Potassium chloride + Potassium hypochlorite + Water.

g) Ammonium dichromate --> Chromiumoxide + Water+ Nitrogen.

h) Potassium sulphite + Nitric acid --> Potassium nitrate+ Water+ Sulphur dioxide.

i) Iron [II] chloride + Water + Sulphur dioxide --> Iron [II] Chloride+ Sulphuric acid+ Hydrochloric acid.

j) Copper+ Sulphuric acid --> Copper sulphate + Water+ Sulphur dioxide.

k) Iron [III] oxide + Carbon monoxide --> Iron + Carbon dioxide.

l) Sodium sulphite+ Sulphuric acid --> Sodium sulphate+ Water+ Sulphur dioxide.

m) Zinc + Sodium hydroxide --> Sodium zincate --> Hydrogen.

n) Aluminium+ Carbon dioxide --> Aluminium oxide + Carbon.

o) Sodium bicarbonate+ Aluminium sulphate --> Sodium sulphate+ Aluminium hydroxide+ Carbon dioxide.

p) Calcium hydroxide+ Ammonium sulphate --> Calcium sulphate+ Water+ Ammonia.

q) Nitric acid+ Magnesium carbonate --> Magnesium nitrate+ Water+ Carbon dioxide.

r) Iron [III] oxide+ Sulphuric acid --> Iron [III] sulphate+ Water.

s) Zinc sulphide+ Oxygen --> Zinc oxide+ Sulphur dioxide.

t) Carbon+ Nitric acid --> Carbon dioxide+ Water+ Nitrogen dioxide.

7) Match the different types of chemical reactions in column II with the meaning of the type of reactions in column I.

COLUMN I 

a) A chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds react to form one new compound as a product.

b) A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound decomposes or splits up into two or more simpler substances. It is generally brought about by heat.

c) A chemical reaction which takes place when an element [or radical] has replaced another element in a compound.

d) A chemical reaction in which two reactants are both the decomposed to form new substances by exchanging their radicals.

e) A chemical reaction which employes a catalyst to alter the rate of a reaction.

f) A chemical reaction in which the products formed react together to form the original reactants depending on the conditions of the reaction.

g) A reaction in which a substance dissociates into two or more simpler substances on application of heat and is a reversible reaction.

h) A reaction which involves addition of oxygen or electronegative element or removal of hydrogen or electropositive element.

i) A reaction which involves addition of hydrogen or electropositive elements or removal of oxygen or electronegative element.

j) A chemical reaction which proceeds with evolution of heat energy.

k) A chemical reaction which proceeds with absorption of heat energy.

l) A chemical reaction which proceeds with absorption of light energy.

COLUMN II 

A) Double decomposition 

B) Exothermic reaction 

C) Reversible reaction

D) Displacement reaction

E) Combination or synthesis 

F) Decomposition reaction

G) Thermal dissociation 

H) Endothermic reaction 

I) Catalytic reaction 

J) Oxidation reaction

K)  Photochemical reaction

L) Reduction reaction.

8) With reference to the reaction -- A to L in column II of the previous question no. 7 state the type of reaction/s to which each of the following belongs :

a) Addition of zinc to copper sulphate solution.

b) Heat on lead nitrate crystals.

c) Preparation of oxygen from potassium chlorate.

d) Conversion of ferrous chloride to ferric chloride using chlorine.

e) Formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

f) Liberation of hydrogen at the cathode acidified water.

g) Manufacture of glucose by green plants.

h) Formation of nitric oxide from Nitrogen and oxygen.

i) Addition of zinc to dilute sulphuric acid.

j) NH₄Cl <=> NH₃ + HCl.

k) 2KNO₃ --∆--> 2KNO₂ + O₂.

l) 2H₂O₂ --H₃PO₄--> 2H₂O + O₂.

m) PbBr₂ --> Pb²⁺ + 2Br¹⁻ [ions].

n) 2HgO --∆--> 2Hg + O₂.

o) N₂O₄ <=∆=> 2NO₂.

p) AgNO₃ + KCl --> AgCl + KNO₃.

q) Fe + S --> FeS.

r) H₂ + Cl₂ --> 2HCl.

                  ˢᵘⁿˡᶦᵍʰᵗ

s) C + H₂O --> CO.

t) Cl₂ + 2KI --> 2KCl + I₂.

u) 3Fe + 4H₂O <==∆=> Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂.

v) 2Cu + O₂ --> 2CuO.

w) Fe₂O₃ + 2Al --> Al₂O₃ + 2Fe.

x) KNO₃ + H₂SO₄ --> HNO₃ + KHSO₄.

y) 2FeCl₂ + Cl₂ --> 2FeCl₃.

z) Fe+ H₂SO₄ --> FeSO₄ + H₂.

a) SO₂ + Cl₂ --> SO₂Cl₂.

b) 3Ca + N₂ --> Ca₃N₂.

c) CuSO₄ + Fe --> FeSO₄ + Cu.

d) 4HNO₃ --> 2H₂O + 4NO₂ + O₂.

8) Oxidation and reduction reactions are generally termed as redox reactions . In the examples given below underline the oxidised product or reduced product in the respective reactions. Underline substance is the oxidising or reducing agent respectively.

Oxidation reactions 

a) Cu + O₂ --> 2CuO.

b) H₂S + Cl₂ --> S + 2HCl.

c) 2FeCl₂ Cl₂ --> 2FeCl₃.

d) SO₂ + H₂O + Cl₂ --> H₂SO₄ + 2HCl.

e) H₂S + 2FeCl₃ ---> 2FeCl₂ + 2HCl + S.

f) Zn + H₂SO₄ --> ZnSO₄ + H₂.

g) Fe + S --> FeS.

h) 2Mg + SO₂ --> MgO + S.

i) 2H₂S + SO₂ --> 3S + 2H₂O.

j) S + 2H₂SO₄ ---> 3SO₂ + 2H₂O.

Reduction reactions 

a) CuO + H₂ --> Cu + H₂O.

b) Br₂ + H₂S --> 2HBr + S.

c) 2FeCl₃ + H₂S --> 2FeCl₂ + 2HCl + S.

d) 2HgCl₂ + SnCl₂ --> Hg₂Cl₂ + SnCl₄.

e) 2FeCl₃ + SO₂ + 3H₂O --> 2FeCl₂ + 2HCl + H₂SO₄.

f) Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 2H₂O + SO₂ --> 2FeSO₄ + 2H₂SO₄.

g) Cl₂ + 2H₂O + SO₂ --> 2HCl + H₂SO₄.

h) 2HNO₃ + SO₂ --> 2NO₂ + H₂SO₄.

i) 2KMnO₄ + 2H₂O + 5SO₂ --> 2MnSO₄ + K₂SO₄ + 2H₂SO₄.

j) K₂Cr₂O₇ + H₂SO₄ + 3SO₂ --> Cr₂(SO₄)₃+ K₂SO₄ + H₂O.

9) Name the following:

a) A coloured gaseous oxidising agent.

b) A liquid oxidising agent which on thermal decomposition in presence of a catalyst liberates oxygen.

c) A gaseous reducing agent containing Oxygen.

d) An acidic other than nitric and Sulphuric Acid which is an oxidizing agent.

e) A gaseous reducing agent neutral in nature other than carbon monoxide.

f) An oxidizing agent which liberates chlorine on heating with concentric hydrochloric acid.

g) Two neutral gases which react to give a basic gas and the reaction is exothermic.

h) Two neutral gases which react to give a neutral oxide and the reaction is exothermic.

i) A substance which decomposes by absorption of sound energy.

j) Two substances which react explosively on close physical contact.