CLASS- C, B, P(26/27)

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE(1)

A) Answer the following:

1) Why is Hydrogen chloride not collected over water ?

2) Choose the letter A, B C or D to match the description given below:

A) Ammonia 

B) Hydrogen chloride

C) Hydrogen sulphide

D) Sulphur dioxide

This has gives a white precipitate when reacted with silver nitrate solution acidified with dilute nitric acid 

3) A colourless gas (G) is passed through a solution of silver nitrate, when a curdy white precipitate (P) is formed. The precipitate is insoluble in di. Nitric acid but soluble in Ammonia solution. Name G and P.

4) Why does hydrogen chloride fume in moist air ?

5) Hydrochloric acid is not very expensive. give reason.

6) Why is high temperature is avoided in the preparation of hydrogen chloride from sodium sulphate and concentrated sulphuric acid.

7) Conc. nitric acid is not used for the preparation of HCl. Why ?

8) Explain why the following statement is not correct ?

"Lead chloride can be prepared by adding dilute hydrochloric acid to lead sulphate solution.

9) From the following list of substances: ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, chlorine, dilute hydrochloric acid, iron, lead nitrate, manganese (IV) oxide, silver nitrate, sodium nitrate, Sodium and nitrite and sulphur-

 Choose those which meet the description given below:

 Two compounds whose aqueous solutions give white percipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid.

10) State what is observed when hydrochloric acid is added to Silver nitrate solution.

11) What do you observe when concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to lead (IV) oxide with the warming ?

12) What would you see when hydrogen chloride is mixed with Ammonia ?

13) What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to lead nitrate solution.

14) Write balanced equation for the following reaction:

Red lead (trilead tetroxide) is warmed with concentrated hydrochloric acid.

15) Write balance chemical equation for the following reaction:

Zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.

16) Select from the list given below (A to F), the one substance which matches the given description.

A.  Ammonia 

B. Copper oxide 

C. Copper sulphate 

D. hydrogen chloride 

E. hydrogen sulphide 

F. lead bromide

 This compound can be oxidised to chlorine.

17) Write a balanced equation for the following reaction:

 Sodium chloride from sodium carbonate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid.

F) COMPLETE AND BALANCE THE EQUATION: 

1) Pb₃O₄+ + 8HCl(con) --> 3PbCl₂

2) Zn+ 2HCl(dil)----->ZnCl₂

3) KCl + H₂SO₄(ᶜᵒⁿᶜ) -> .... + .....

4) Cu + HCl(dil) --> .... + ......

5) Cuo + HCl(dil) ---> ..... + .....

6) Cuo +[O]+ HCl(conc) --> 

             ...+ .... + ......

7) K₂O + HCl(dil) -> .... + .......

8) HCl <⁵⁰⁰ᶜ=> ...... + .......

9) HNO₃(conc)+ HCl(conc) -----> 

         ........ + ........ + ........

10) Pb(NO₃O)₂ + 2HCl(dil) --> ...

11) MnO₂(aq) + HCl --> ...+ ...+ ....

12) KMnO₄+ HCl(conc) --> 

          .....+ ..... + 8H₂O + Cl₂

C) NAME THE FOLLOWING :

1) Products obtained by passing Chlorine and sulphur dioxide together through water.

2) Drying agent which is used to dry Hydrogen chloride.

3) A gas Which yields dense white fumes when treated with Hydrogen chloride

4) The gas obtained by treating metals with Hydrochloric acid.

5) The gas obtained by treating ferrous sulphide with Hydrochloric acid. 

6) Covalent compound Which becomes electrovalent when dissolved in water.

7) The anion present in the following: when compound A is warmed with Conc. Sulphuric acid gives a gas Which fumes in moist air and gives dense white fumes with Ammonia.

8) The lead compound that can be used to oxidise Hydrogen chloride to chlorine.

9) A solution which gives Chlorine on oxidation.

10) A substance that turns moist starch iodide paper blue.

D) T/F. CORRECT IF IT IS FALSE :

1) Hydrochloric acid is found in the stomach of mammals.   

2) Hydrogen chloride gas is obtained by treating metals with Hydrochloric acid.

3) When moist blue litmus paper is introduced into a jar of HCL, it turns red.

4) HCL gas is not combustible but it supports combustion.

5) HCL gas partially ionized in an aqueous solution.

6) HCL acid is not used to remove rust from iron sheets.

7) HCL acid gives brown fumes of ammonium chloride with Ammonia.

8) In the laboratory, HCL gas is collected by downward displacement of air.

9) HCL gas is a colourless odourless and tasteless gas.

10) HCL gas is insoluble in water.

Each Questions carries 2 marks 

1) Identify the substances describe below.

a) Colourless liquid used for the preparation of aqua -regia; turns wet blue litmus red; reacts with silver nitrate solution forming a dense white precipitate .

b) Greenish yellow gas which combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride gas.

2) How would you represent Hydrogen chloride and Hydrochloric acid by chemical formula? Why do they differ ?

3) What must be added to sodium chloride to obtain hydrogen chloride? 

b) Write the equation for the reaction which takes place above.

4) Select from the list below, the gas which matches the description given and answer the questions that follow:

       Ammonia, chlorine, HCL, Sulphur dioxide.

When gas C is mixed with gas B ( which turns moist red litmus to blue). dense white fumes are seen and there is no other product.

a) What is the name of gas B and gas C ?

b) What is the name of the product of the reaction between gas B and gas C ?

5) Manganese(IV) oxide, lead(IV) oxide and red lead (Pb₃O₄) react with concentrated hydrochloric acid liberating chlorine.

a) What is the common property being by these metal oxides ?

b) Write the equation for the reaction of concentratated Hydrochloric acid with Pb₃O₄. 

6) Write the observation and balanced equations for the following reactions:

Excess of ammonia hydroxide is added to a substance obtained by adding hydrochloride acid in silver nitrate solution.

7) Salts A and E undergo reaction (a) and (b) respectively. Identify the anion present in these salts on the basis of these reactions.

a) When Silver Nitrate solution is added to a solution of A, a white precipitate insoluble in dilute nitric acid, is formed.

b) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to E produced an effervescence. The gas produced turns lime water milky but does not affect acidified potassium dichromate solution.

8) The following series of reactions is carried out:

a) HCL is passed into cold water.

b) Ammonia is passed into the resulting solution.

c) Sodium hydroxide solution is added to the product of (b) and solution in the warmed.

c) Silver nitrate is added to the solution resulting from (c) (Assume that the sodium hydroxide is not in excess)

 Answer the question (i), (ii), (III) and about steps and respectively name (iv) about steps (a),(b), (c) and (d) respectively.

i) 1. Name the product.

    2. State whether it is ionic or covalent.

ii) 1. Name the product.

     2. State whether it is ionic or covalent.

iii) 1. Name the products.

      2. Which of the product/s is/are covalent?

      3. Write the equation for the reaction.

iv) 1. What would you see ?

      2. Write the equation for the reaction.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 

1) Name the following :

a) The liquid part of blood.

b) Tissue type to which blood belongs.

c) The mammalian blod cell lacking nucleus and mitochondria.

d) Increase in the number of eosinophils in blood.

e) Clotting within an intact blood vessel.

f) The instrument that detects the functioning of heart by the graphical record.

g) The fluid which excludes when blood clot.

h) The process by which WBCs engulf and ingest bacteria.

i) A vitamin required for clotting of blood.

j) The respiratory pigment contained in RBCs.

k) Any two organelles absent in mature RBCs.

2) Give the numerical values of the undermined sentences.

a) Average lifespan of RBCs is

b) Range of RBCs per cubic mm in a normal adult human female is.

c) Range of RBCs in an adult human male is

d) Approximate percentage of water in plasma is

e) Number of WBCs in adult human is

f) Neutrophils constitute about____ percent of total WBCs

g) There are about___ platelets per cubic mm of blood in an adult.

h) pH of blood is ____

3) Mention the function of each of the undermined structure:

 For example 

White blood cells -- phagot

On a similar pattern, Fill in the blanks in the following cases to represent relationship between structures and their special functional activities.

a) Blood Platelets 

b) Neutrophil 

c) Erythr

d) Pulmonary vein 

e) Pericardium 

f) Aorta

g) Lymphocytes 

h) The spleen 

4) Fill in the blanks 

a) ____ is blood plasma from which fibrinogen, the blood clotting protein has been removed.

b) fibrinogen, the blood clotting agent can be removed by ____

c) An increase in the number of WBCs in the blood is called____ and decrease in the number of WBCs is called ____.

d) Blood cells are manufactured in____ from ____.

e) Oxygen combines with Haemoglobin present in RBC to produce _____.

f) Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by____.

g) Arteries carry blood from ____ to ____.

h) Lymph contains ____ but takes ____ and ____

i) Number of heartbeats in an adult person is____.

5) Choose the correct options:

i) White blood cells engulf bacteria in a process called 

a) Diapedesis 

b) phagocytosis 

c) Active transport

d) passive transport 

ii) Which blood vessels carry blood from lungs to heart  ?

a) Pulmonary veins

b) coronary arteries 

c) coronary veins 

d) pulmonary arteriea

iii) pH range of blood is 

a) 2.3- 4.5 b) 8.9-9.5 c) 7.3-7.45 d) 0-1 

iv) In adult human, RBC has

a) No nucleus 

b) double nuclei 

c) bilobed nucleus 

d) multinuclei

v) In persons living at high altitudes, RBCs are

a) more in number 

b) less in number 

c) same in number 

d) destroyed suddenly 

vi) neutrophils engulf microbes by:

a) phagocytosis 

b) endocytosis 

c) exocytosis 

d) pinocytosis 

vii) Heptic portal vein, transport blood from :

a) stomach and intestine into liver 

b) Liver to heart

c) Heart to liver

d) intestine to liver

viii)  In man, systolic and diastolic pressure are about:

a)  120mm of Hg and 80 mm of Hg.

b) 80mm of Hg and 120 mm of Hg.

c) 120mm of Hg and 120 mm of Hg.

d) 80mm of Hg and 40 mm of Hg.

6) Match the column 

Column A 

a) Tricuspid valve 

b) Bicuspid valve 

c) Semilunar valves 

d) SA node

e) Pulmonary artery 

Column B 

i) Carry deoxygenated blood for oxygenation 

ii) conduct impulses 

iii) guards the opening between right auricle and right ventricle

iv) guards the opening between left auricle and left ventricle 

v) prevent back flow of blood from aorta.

7) Match the column 

Column A 

a) The liquid coming out of blood during clotting

b) relaxation of heart 

c) contraction of heart

d) the muscle that never becomes fatigue

e) hardening of arteries 

Column B 

i) cardiac muscles 

ii) diastole

iii) Systolic

iv) Arteriosclerosis

v) serum 

8) Define the following:

a) Lymph nodes 

b) Portal system

c) diostol 

d) Diapedesis 

e) pericardium 

f) Rh factor 

9) Complete the following Table by filling the blanks:

 organs  name of an artery or vein  way of transportation 

a) heart   pilluminary vein                  _____

b) ____    pulmonary artery          heart to lung

c) ____    renal artery                     _____

d) kidney  ____.        Kidney to posterior vena cava 

e) Liver   hepatic portal vein.      _____

f) ____      hepatic artery              ______

10) Why do the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood not mix up in the human heart ?

11) When are the sounds  LUBB and DUBB produced during the heartbeat ?

12) Why does the left ventricle has ahicker wall than the right ventricle ?

13) What do you mean by the double circulation of blood ?

14) Why is the systolic pressure higher than the diastolic pressure?

15) What is systematic circulation ?

16) Differentiate between blood and lymph on the basis of the following characteristics:

a) colour 

b) location 

c) composition 

d) platelets

e) flow

17) Give the reasons for the following:

a) Only veins and not the arteries are provided with valves .

b) The arteries are deep seated in the body.

18) Why does the blood not clot inside the body ?

19) Give a schematic representation of the process of blood clotting 

20) what are the function of the blood ?

21) why is it necessary to know the blood groups before transfusion.

22) What is hemophilia 

23) Name any lymph gland present in the human body. Write its function.

24) Define pulse. What is the pulse rate of a normal human adult ?

25) Enumerate any four difference between white blood cells and red blood cells .

26) What is the function of blood plasma ?

27) What are the function of hepatic artery ?

28) The figure given below represents the section of the human heart.

a) Name the parts number 1 to 8.

b) Which structures help in maintaining the direction of the flow of blood ?

c) To which organ/s does the blood vessels (labelled 3) carry blood?

d) What is the main difference in the quality of blood containing in part 6 and 7.

29) The following simplified diagram refers to the outline plan of circulation of blood in a mammal. Study the diagram and write the name of the blood vessels according to the given number.

a) Several hours after a meal containing a lot of protein, which vessel will contain highest concentration of Urea ?

b) Which vessel would contain the highest concentration of the amino acid and glucose soon after meal ?

c) Which vessel begin and ends in capillaries ?

e) Which vessel will contain the smallest number of red blood cells per unit volume of blood ?

30) The diagram below shows part of the capillary bed in an organ of the mammalian body. Some of the blood arriving at the capillaries at points labelled A moves out into the spaces between the tissue cells. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

a) When the liquid from the blood is surrounding the cells, what is it called ?

b) Name any one important components of the blood which remains inside the capillaries and fails to move out into the spaces .

c) Some of the liquid surrounding the cells does not pass directly back into the blood but eventually reaches it by another route through vessel X. Name the fluid present in vessel X.

31) The diagram below represents a certain category of blood vessels showing the role of special structure in their walls :

a) Name the kind of blood vessels shown 

b) Name the structure shown inside the blood vessels .

c) What is the role of these structures?

d) Towards which side of the figure (top or bottom) is the heart located ?

32) The figure given below are cross sections of blood vessels:

a) identify the blood vessel A, B, C.

b) Name the party level 1-4.

c) Mention two structural differences between A and B.

d) Name the type of blood that flows (a) through A and (b) through B.

e) In which of the above vessels referred in(iv) does exchange of gases actually take place ?

33) The diagram below represents circulation in the human body, Answer the questions that follow:

a) Name the blood vessel labelled 1, 3, 6 and 7.

b) Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to the walls of the heart with oxygen.

c) Draw a neat labelled diagram, of the blood vessel numbered 2  as seen in a cross section.

d) Mention one structural difference between blood vessels numbered 4 and 5

C/8 26/27

BIOLOGY

F.M- 100: Time 2 hrs

1) Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: (write 1 point only).  (2 x 6)

a) feeding and nutrition 

b) dead and living things

c)  anabolism and catabolism 

d) entomology and ichthyology 

e) centrosome and chromosome.

f) prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell

2) Mention if the following statements that true or false :   (2x 6)

a) prokaryotic cells have larger ribosomes.

b) Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.

c) Amoeba is an example of Prokaryotes.

d) Bacteria have no nuclear membrane but possess chloroplasts.

e) Plants do not respire whereas animals do.

f) Animal show movement while the plants do not.

g) Phloem cells carry manufactured food from leaves to other parts.

h) The sclerenchyma consists of actively dividing cells.

i) Cartilage has no blood vessels or the nerves in it.

j) Perikaryon is the nucleus of a nerve cell.

k) Axons of nerve cells are very long.

3) Write the location and function of the following terms :  (2x 6)

a) meristematic tissue

b) parenchyma tissue 

c) lymph 

d) ribosomes 

e) ciliated epithelium 

f) nectaries

4) Name the following :     (2x6)

a) muscles present in the iris of the eyes.

b)  The science which aims to improve the human race.

c) The cell part which is composed of cellulose.

d) The plant that follows mound layering.

e) An example of neuter flower.

f) Extra whorl present in hibiscus flower.

g) a polyadelphous flower.

h) The plant cell lacking the cell wall, that is used in hybridization.

i) The process by which a new varieties is developed through cross pollination.

j) the portion of the plant which is used in the micropropagation.

k) Kinds of cells found in salivary gland

l) The category of plant tissues that have lost their ability to multiply.

5) Define the following terms :       (2 x 6)

a) Callus

b) biotechnology

c) heterostyly 

d) placenta 

e) grafting 

f) chlorenchyma

6) a) List the tissues found in human heart.

b) Can you consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue ?

c)  it is said that the protoplasm cannot be analysed chemically. why ?   (2+4+4)

7) a) can you think of any two movements occurring in our body while you are asleep ?

b) In what ways is a hen's egg living as well as a non living ?

c) Make a list of any four dead things you use. Name their source organisms .   (2+4+4)

8) a) Mention any two contrivances in flowers which favour cross pollination.

b) What is the function of the pollen tube? Explain it with the help of a diagram.

c) Write any two characteristics of water pollinated flower.    (2+4+4)

9) a) what is Manoeciuous plant? give example.

b) what is Bract ? explain with example.

c) draw the generalized arrangement of parts of a bisexual flower. Label it.   (2+4+4)

PHYSICS     (Final)

Marks-80

(Attempt all the questions of section A and section B)

 

SECTION A (40 marks)

1) Fill in the blanks:      (1 x 10= 10

a) If the weight of a body is equals to the buoyant force, it will ___ in the fluid.

b) Atmospheric pressure___as we move from sea level to higher altitude.

c) Biomass can be converted in to gaseous fuel called___.

d) The breaking up the nucleus of an atom into smaller nuclei is called ____.

e) ____ is a sure test for electrification.

f) Two unlike charges ___'each other.

g) A force produced by rubbing a combination against dry hair is called___.

h) An electromagnet is a ____magnet.

i) The current obtained from a battery or a cell is ___ current.

j) There is a very large____ around the earth.

2) Rewrite the following statement correctly   (1 x10=10)

a) Objects appear heavier  when kept immersed in a fluid.

b) Pressure exerted by the liquids on the sides of the containing vessel is called Buoyant force.

c) The problems using solar energy directly is that it is cool.

d) Renewable source of energy are also called irregular sources of energy.

e) Kighting conductor is made of ebonite .

f) Two uncharged bodies when rubbed together get charged because of induction.

g) Bromin is a non metal which is a good conductor of electricity.

h) Permanent magnets are used in electrical bell.

i) A step down transformer is used to increase the magnitude of direct current.

j) The magnetic lines of force around a current carrying straight conductor are straight line.

(Rewrite correctly only the underline words)

3) Differentiate between the following :    (2x 10=20)

Write the main points of differents only.

a) alternating current and direct current.

b) magnet and electromagnet.

c) Step-up transformer and step down transformer.

d) Conductor and insulator.

e) A glass rod rubbed with silk cloth and an ebonite rod rubbed with fair.

f) Renewable source of energy and non renewable energy.

g) Tidal energy and geothermal energy.

h) Fission and fusion.

i) conduction and convection 

j) Solids & liquid on the basis of arrangement of molecules.

Section - B (40 Marks)

4) Give reason for the following:    (2 x5=10)

a) Water has a tendency to form a spherical droplets .

b) A piece of iron sinks in water but large ships made up of iron float on water .

c) It is necessary to collect sunlight over a large areas to utilise its energy.

d) A lightning conducter is fixed at the top of a tall building.

e) Charged particles exert a force on one another.

5) Define these terms:-      (2 x5= 10)

a) Electrostatics 

b) electromagnetic induction 

c) Surface tension 

d) State the Pascal 's Law

e) State Archimedes Principle

6) a) Draw a labelled diagram of gold leaf electroscope.

b) Explain why a gold leaf electroscope has a glass case.

c) Describe an experiment show that two positively charged bodies repel each other.

d) How does lightning takes place ?     (3+2+3+2=10)

7) a) Give any three applications of electromagnets.

b) With the help of label diagram, explain the working of an electric bell.

c) How can the magnetic field of a current solenoid be decreased?      (3+5+2=10)

SCIENCE- 8/7

Week -1   

               CHEMISTRY

(Language of Chemistry, Chemical Reaction)

-----------------------------------------------------

Question 1. (Any Three).       1x3= 3

Classify the following reactions

i) Zn(s) + H₂SO₄(aq)-->ZnSO₄+ H₂ (g)

ii) BaCl₂(aq)+ Na₂SO₄(aq) --> BaSO₄(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

iii) 2CO(g) + O₂(g) ---> 2CO₂(g)

Iv) 2KNO₃(s) ---> 2KNO₂(l)+ O₂(g)

Question 2 (Any Three)        2x3 = 6

Define:

i) Chemical double decomposition

ii) Catalyst

iii) Oxidising agent

iv) Inflammable substance 

Question 3.                                    (2)

CuO(s)+ H₂(g)--------Cu(s)+ H₂O(l).

In the above reaction, by giving reasons, explain which substance is:

i) Oxidised

ii) Reduced

iii) Oxidising agent

iv) Reducing agent

OR

Write the formula of the following:

i) Ammonium sulphate

ii) Zinc carbonate

iii) Lead hydroxide

iv) Barium chooride

Question 4.                                 (3x1)

State the valency and formula of the following:

i) Ammonia

ii) calcium

iii) Ferric

Question 5.                            1x3 = 3

Write the formula and then balance the following equations:

i) Ammonium chloride --> Ammonia+ Hydrogen chloride

ii) Red lead oxide --> lead monoxide+ Oxygen

iii) Sodium nitrate --> sodium nitrite+ Oxygen.

Question 6.                                     (1)

XCl₂ is the chloride of metal X. Write down the formula of sulphate and hydroxide.         

Question 7.                                    (2)

What is the difference between Exothermic and Endothermic reaction.    

TRANSPORT OF FOOD MINERALS IN PLANTS

DEFINITION 

a) Diffusion: Movement of molecules of solids , liquids and gases from a place of higher concentration to a place of a lower concentration.

b) Osmosis:  Movement of water molecules from the region of their high concentration to the region of their lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

c) Selective permeable membrane : The membrane which allows the useful substances to pass in and harmful substances to diffuse out of the cell.

d) Semi semipermeable membrane:  The membrane that allows the diffusion of water molecules through them but resist the movement of salute molecules.

e) Active transport : Movement of substance from a place of lower to higher concentration by using energy of the cell.

f) Root pressure : The pressure developed in the root which helps in pushing the plant dap upward.

g)  Transpiration : loss of water from the aerial parts of the plant in the form of vapours.

h) Stomata:  minute opening in a leaf through which gaseous exchange takes place.

i) Potometer : An apparatus used to measure the rate of transpiration in plants.

j) Conducting tissue : Xylem and phloem are complex and conducting tissue in plants.

k) Xylem : Contpduct water and minerals from the root to tip of the plants .

l) Phloem: Conduction of food in plants.

m) Macronutrients: Macronutrients are those which are required by plants in large quantity.

n) Micronutrients: Micronutrients are those which are required by plants in small quantity.

* Root is typically a non green, underground part of the plant.

* The root hairs are the cluster of very fine delicate, tubular thread like structures arising as an outgrowth from the secondary or tertary roots.

* A selectivelypermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass through it but not the solute.

* Osmosis plays an important roll in the absorption of water by plants from the soil.

* The upward movement of the water from roots towards the top of the plant is called ascent of sap.

*  Transpiration pull helps in conduction of water in case of tall trees.

* A plant cell becomes turgid on absorption of water.

* Water is a major component of protoplasm in a living cell.

* Transpiration is evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant.

* Transpiration produces the force which draws water up to the stem.

* The rate of transpiration is increased by sunlight, high temperature, low humidity and air movements.

* Potometer is an apparatus used to measure the rate of transpiration.

* Transpiration causes wilting and shedding of leaves in case of reduced availability of water in the soil.

* Transpiration cools the plant on a hot summer day.

* Transpiration is a necessary evil of the plants.

* Xylem is water and minerals conducting tissue in plants.

* Conduction of water and mineral is undirectional from root tip of plant.

*. Phloem is food conducting tissue in plants.

* Conduction of food is bidirectional.

* Nitrogen , Phosphorus and potassium are essential micro nutrients required in traces.

A) Name the following :

a) The membrane which allows the solvent to pass through it but not the solute.

b) The process by which solid, liquid and gases move from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration.

c) The upward movement of water and minerals from roots towards the top of the plant.

d) The pull which helps in have conduction of water in case of tall trees.

e) The tissue which helps in conduction of water minerals in the plant.

f) An apparatus used to measure the rate of transpiration.

g) An antitranspirant.

h) A plant having hydathodes.

i) The tissue which helps in conduction of food in plants.

j) Name the disease caused due to deficiency of nitrogen nutrients in plants.

B) Choose the odd one from each of the following giving reason:

a) Osmosis, Diffusion, Active transport, Transpiration pull.

b) Meristematic zone, Shoot cap, Elongation zone, Maturation zone.

c) Conduction, Rranslocation, Transpiration , Ascent of sap.

d) Root pressure, Transpiration pull, Turgor pressure, Capillary force.

e) Egg-membrane, Parchment paper, Goat's bladder, Litmus Paper.

f) Cooling effect, Ascent of sap, Conduction of minerals,  Evaporation.

g) Stomata, Xylem , Lenticel, Hydathodes.

h) Sunlight, Temperature, Humidity , Hydathodes.

i) Tracheids, Teaches, Xylem parenchyma, Sieve plates.

j) Nitrogen , Phosphorus, Potassium , Cooper 

C) Fill in the blanks:

a) ____ tissue is involved in the transportation of water in plants.

b) The young growing tip of the root is protected by ____.

c) ____ occurs through a semi permeable membrane.

d) ____ is the major component of protoplasm present in a living cell.

e)A plant cell becomes ____ on absorbing water from the soil.

f) Root hairs absorb____ from the soil by active transport.

g) Upward movement of water takes place through _____.

h) ______system of plants absorb water and minerals from the soil.

i) _____ is the inflow of water molecules form an external solution into a cell.

j) A plasmolysed protoplasm swells photo when it is placed in ____ water.

k) Cactus does not have _____ transpiration.

l) Sunken stomata ____  the rate of transpiration.

D) Write true or false and correct the incorrect statements:

a) Osmosis plays an important role in the absorption of water by plants.

b) A semipermeable membrane allows the passage to only solvent molecules through it.

c) Root hairs do not help in absorption of water and minerals.

d) Water is responsible for developing turgor pressure in the cell.

e) Movement of molecules from the region of lower to that of higher concentration is called diffusion. 

E) Choose the correct answer:

1) Ascent of sap occurs due to:

a) root pressure b) transpiration pull c) capillary force  d) all of these 

2) Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to the lower concentration through a membrane.

a) diffusion b) active c) osmosis d) all of these 

3) The pressure developed in the root due to continuous inflow water in it

a) Turgor pressure b) root pressure  c) transpiration pull d) none 

4) The upward movement of cell sap in the plants is called :

a) conduction b) absorption c) transpiration  d) none 

5) The tissue which helps in conduction of water and minerals in the plant:

a) Phloem b) Xylem c) vein d) none 

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

a) Reproduction: The process by which old organism gives rise to a new organism.

b) Gamete : The single six cell involved in fusion during sexual reproduction.

c)  Bud:  Undeveloped embryonic shoit which will grow into a flower or new stem.

d) Asexual reproduction : The reproduction in which no sex cells are involved.

e) Sexual reproduction:  The reproduction in which sex cells are involved.

f) Zygote: A fertilized egg resulting from the union of two gametes.

g) Embryo: The developing zygote.

h) Mensuration : It is a cyclic bleeding or a series of changes in the ovary and uterine wall (endometrium) of a non-pregnant female at interval of 28 days on an average .

i) Implantation:  The close attachment of the embryo with the uterus.

j) Placenta: A blood rich tissue in through which the materials like or oxygen and nutrients pass from the mother to the embryo.

k) Adolescence: The period of development from the childhood to adult.

* Reproduction is the process in which living organisms produces new individual of their own kind.

* There are two types of reproduction : a) asexual b) sexual 

* organisms reproduce asexual by binary fision, budding, spore formation, regeneration and vegetative propagation.

* sexual reproduction involves the fusion or sperm and in egg.

* in some organisms both the sex organs are present in the same individual, such individual are called hermaphrodite.

* The flower is the structure in all flowering plants that is responsible for sexual reproduction.

*  In some organisms , an egg develops into an adult without being fertilized. This is known as pathogenesis.

* Fusion of male and female gametes, results in the formation of zygote and this process is called fertilization.

* in human beings , sexes are separate, i.e.,  male and female reproductive organs are borne by separate individuals.

* pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same plant or a different plant of the same species. Pollination is of two types: self pollination and  cross pollination.

* The reproductive system is a group of body organs that do the work of production.

* Implantation of the embryo in the wall of the uterus is completed about 10 days after fertilization.

* the developing embryo is called a foetus after 2 months from the beginning.

A) Name the following:

a) The process of production of new individuals from parents.

b) The process of production of a complete new plant from a part of the existing plant without the use of seeds.

c) The process of getting back the lost body part.

d) the process of transfer of pollens from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower.

e) A sample cell formed as a result of fusion between a male gamete and a female gamete.

f) the period of sexual maturity.

g) the hormone secreted by males.

h) the period of time when the physical development of secondary sexual characteristics begin.

B) Choose the odd one in each of the following by giving reason:

a)  Cutting, layering, fragmentation, grafting.

b) stigma, anther, style, ovary.

c)  ovaries , oviduct, epididymis, cervix.

d) binary fission, tissue culture, budding, regeneration

e) amoeba , earthworm, tapeworm, leech 

f) infancy, childhood, adolescence, puberty.

g) testosterone, insulin, estrogen, Progesterone 

C) Fill in the blanks:

a) Binary fission is a type of _____reproduction.

b) Reproduction that needs two parents is called ____.

c) Yeast cells reproduced by____.

d) female sex cells in plants are called____

e) testes are present in____ located outside the body.

f) pollen grains are produced in____.

g) the two kinds of pollination are _____ and ____.

h) asexual reproduction in which any vegetative part of the plant forms and new plant is called ____reproduction.

i) the process in some organism in which an egg develops into an adult without being fertilized is known as _____.

j) all types of a sexual reproduction are based on the ____division of cells.

k) childhood starts from the age of ____'years and lasts till the age of ___ years.

k) ____is the male hormone released by the testes in the male.

m) the egg is released from the ovary around day ____ during menstrual cycle.

n) ____ is the second fastest growth period in human beings.

o) puberty is the period of development of _____maturity.

D) Write true or false and correct the incorrect statements :

a) The simple division of unicellular organisms into two smaller daughter cells of roughly equal size is called budding.

b) all the animals have capacity to regenerate body parts.

c) bacteria, yeast and paramecium reproduce by sexual reproduction.

d) The female gametes are produced in ovaries.

e) Childhood is the fastest growth period in human beings.

ff) the testosterone is the female sex hormone.

E) Choose the correct answer:

1) amoeba reproduced by 

a) regeneration b) budding c)  binary fusion d) spores 

2) potato reproduce vegetatively through

a) stem b) leaf c) root d) flower 

3) bryophyllum reproduces vegetatively through

a) root b) leaf  c) stem d) flower

4) The male gamete is called 

a) zygote b) sperm c) testis d) egg

5) the individual having both the sex organs are 

a) unisexual b) bisexual c) makes d) females

6) The process of formation of an individual from the zygote is called 

a) fertilization b) development c) growth d) none 

7) childhood is the stage of growth which starts of the age of

a) 1 year  b) 2 years  c) 3 years  d) 10 years

8) the male hormone is

a) testerone b) progesterone c) estrogen d) none 

ECOSYSTEM 

a) Ecosystem : Structural and functional unit of biosphere consisting of commonly of living organisms and physical environment.

b) Biotic : Components constitute the living members of the ecosystem.

c) Abiotic : Component consist of nonliving substances and factors.

d) Food chain : A sequence of organisms through which food and its contained energy passes with each member.

e) Food web: Network of interrelated and interconnected food chain.

f) Symboises: Some organism which live together, share shelter and nutrients.

Or

Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

* Ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of the biosphere consists of living and nonliving components.

* biotic of an ecosystems are : producers,  consumers and decomposes.

* Abiotic components of an ecosystem are climatic factors and inorganic substances.

*. In food chain, there is a transfer of material and energy from their ultimate source in plants as producing through series of organisms.

* A food chain consist of three kinds of organisms: producers, consumers, decomposers .

* Food web is a network of food chain in a community.

* In symbiotic relationship, both organisms which live together and share shelter and nutrients.

* parasitism is a non mutual symbiotic relationship where one species( the parasite) benefits at expense of other(the host) is harmed by relationship.

* Sunlight, temperature, humidity, air, water, wind and soil 

A) Name the following 

a) Green pigment in plants.

b) Animals which feeed on herbivorous.

c) light, temperature, pressure humidity are which component of ecosystem -

d) A network of different food chain.

e)  interaction between predator and pray.

B) choose the odd one from each of the following:

a) Algae , plants, flowers, fruits, birds.

b) Zooplankton, rabbit, dear, cow, lion

c) tiger, wolf, leopard, sloth bear, buffalo 

d) sunlight, humidity, air, water, bacteria

e) sunlight , humidity, air, water, bacteria.

f) Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, small fish, Big fish, silver fish.

C) Fill in the blanks:

a) In a food chain, each link is known as a_____ level.

b) In nature, all green plants are ____ and animals are____.

c) In food chain, there is a transfer of ____and____.

d) _____ is non mutual symbiotic relationship between two species.

e) ____ are example of symbiotic relationship.

 

D) Give one word for the following :

a) Saprophytes which obtain their nourishment from organic elements.

b) Those animals which can feed on both plants and animals.

c) The photosynthetic plants which are called primary producer also known as.

d) Structural and functional unit of biosphere .

e) A network of food chain in a community.

E) Choose the correct answer:

A) Herbivorous are consumers of 

al first order b) second order c) third Order d) none 

B) decomposers are usually 

a) non green microorganisms b) green microorganisms c) carnivores d) herbivores 

C) nonliving factors of ecosystems are

a) biotic factors b) producers c) abiotic factors d) decomposers 

D) the ultimate source of energy for the living beings comes from

a) plants b) sun c) herbivores d) decomposers 

E) example of symbiotic relationship

a) Amarbel b) lichens c) rhizobium d) all of these 

F) Match the columns 

Column A

1) autotrophs

2) heterotrophs

3) decomposer 

4) symboisis

5)  predation 

6) non living components of an ecosystem 

7) animals of particular area 

8) living components of an ecosystem

9) who eats whom

10) plans of a particular area 

Column B

a) animals

b) bacteria, fungi 

c) tiger -dear

d) flora 

e) biotic 

f) Rhizobium leguminous plants

g)  producers 

h) abiotic 

i) fauna 

j) food chain 

 

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 

* Endocrine gland : These are ductless glands which pour their secretion directly into blood.

*  Hormones : hormones are chemical substances which are secreted from endocrine glands.

 

* Hormones are secretion of endocrine glands which pour their secretion directly into bloodstream .

* various hormones of pituitary glands are the growth hormones and harmones that make other glands such as testes,  ovaries , thyroid and adrenal secrete hormones. pancreas secretes insulin, thyroid produces thyroxine and Adrenals produces adrenaline.

* Testosterone, is a male hormone and estrogen is female hormone which bring out changes in sexual characters during poverty.

 

A) Name the following:

a) Ductless glands which release their secretion into bloodstream .

b) which gland is called master gland ?

c) which gland is called emergency gland .

d) name the disease caused due to the dietary deficiency of iodine 

e) Name a gland having dual function 

B) Fill in the blanks :

a) deficiency of___ cause diabetes.

b) ____ is called stress hormone.

c)  Testes secrete____ in males.

d) _____ is called master gland.

e) _____ regulate the calcium and phosphorus in the ratio body.

C) Write true or false statement and correct the incorrect statements 

a) thyroxine hormone causes critination in early growing age.

b) pancreas releases emergency hormone, i.e, Adeline hormone

c) parathyroid glands regulate calcium and phosphorus balance in the body.

d) glucagon lowers blood sugar level.

D) Give one word for the following :

a) Flight or fight hormone.

b) chemical messenger in our body.

c) glands with duct

d) glands without duct.

e) it lowers the level of glucose in the blood

f) it raises the level of glucose in the blood.

ADOLESCENCE AND THE ACCOMPANYING CHANGES

Adolescence : The period of life on the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity.

Puberty :  the age of at which the reproductive system becomes functional.

Voice box:  it is the enlarged part of the trachea which is also known as larynx.

Adam's apple: protuding part of the throat.

Secondary sexual characters:  The behaviour and appearance of feature which help to distinguish the male from the female.

Balanced diet : the diet which includes proteins , carbohydrates, fats and vitamins in the requisite proportion.

Reproductive health:  reproductive health includes such aspects that ensure a responsible , safe and satisfying reproductive life.

 

* The period of life when the body undergoes changes leading to reproductive maturity.

* between the age of 11 years and 19 years children are called adolescence.

* children gain height during adolescence.

*  sweat and the sebaceous glands become more active and separations may cause acne and pimples.

* it is period of change in the person's way of thinking.

* everyone should take care of their personal hygiene. if cleanliness is not maintained there are chances of catching bacterial infections.

* there are different ways to tackle with stress like yoga, meditation, time management, sports, hobbies and rational thinking.

 

a) Name the following

a) Protruding part of the throat in boys at the age of adolescence.

b) secretions of glands responsible for growth of pimples and acne.

c) the period of life on body undergoes changes.

d) The enlarged part of the trachea.

B) Choose the odd one from which of the following:

a) adolescence, hormonal changes, emotional changes, academic changes.

b) mental growth, emotional growth, social growth, economic growth.

c) voice box, larynx, Adam's apple apple, goitre.

d) broadening of shoulders, voice deepens, beard and moustache , hip enlargement .

C) Fill in the blanks:

a) The human body undergoes several changes during____. These changes mark of ___

b)  the changes which occur at adolescence are controlled by____

c) the protruding part of the throat is called _____

d) _____is a relaxation techniques during stress.

e) if____ is not maintained properly, it can cause bacterial infections.

D) Write true or false and correct the the incorrect statements 

a) adolescence period is marked with emotional and physiological changes.

b) adolescence period starts from 19 years of age lasts till middle age.

c) during adolescence period their is decrease in height and weight.

d) attainment of sexual maturity is known as puberty.

e) At puberty , the voice of box or the larynx begins to grow.

E) Choose the correct answer 

A) which of the following constitutes the right meal for adolescence ?

a) chips, noodles and cake

b) chapati, dal and vegetables

c) rice, noodles and burger

d) vegetable cutlets , chips and lemon drink 

B) which term is used to describe the period of life, when the body undergoes certain noticeable changes, leading to reproductive maturity ?

a) puberty  b) Adolescence c) menarche the d) monopause 

C) the most important change which marks puberty is:

a) the voice changes 

b) body grows disproportionately 

c) hair develop all over the body

d) the boys and girls become capable of reproduction.

D) Adolescents should be careful about what they eat, because 

a) proper diet develops their brains

b) proper diet is needed for the rapid growth taking place in their body

c) Adolescents feel hungry all the time.

d) taste buds are well developed in teenagers.

E) reproductive ages in women starts when their

a) mensuration starts 

b) breasts start developing 

c) body weight increases 

d) height increases 

Match the column 

Column A

1) adolescence

2) secondary sexual characters 

3) Adam's apple apple 

4) endocrine glands 

5) growth 

6) pubertal changes in females 

7) teenagers

8) pubertal changes in males

Column B

a) Puberty 

b) hormones

c) increase in height the weight 

d) enlargement of hips 

e) Adolescence period

f) broadening of shoulders 

g) reproductive maturity 

h) enlarged voice box 

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 

Circulatory system:  The system that includes heart , blood vessel and blood for the transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, food, hormone and enzymes etc from one part of the body to another part of the body.

Blood : The red coloured fluid that flows in vessel and is responsible for the transportation of different useful and harmful substances.

Blood vessels : The tubes that enclose and transport blood from one organ to others organ .

Artery: Blood vessel that carries oxygenated (pure) blood to different parts of the body.

Vein: Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated (impure) blood.

Haemoglobin: The iron pigment present in red blood cells .

Blood groups:  On the basis of the type of antigen present on surface of red blood cells, there are four groups - 'A', 'B', 'AB' and 'O'.

Universal donor:  Person with O type of blood group is universal donor.

Universal acceptor: Person with AB type of blood group is universal acceptor.

Palpitation : An abnormal heart rhythms when your heart beats too fast, slow or irregularity.

Cardiac arrest : When your heart stops pumping blood around your body.

Hypertension: High blood pressure through blood vessels.

Lymphatic system:  Lymph is a colourless fluid and its associated parts constitute the lymphatic system.

* The circular system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood lymph , lymphatic vessels and glands. it permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acid, and electrolytes) oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and PH, and maintain hemostates (steady state)

* Blood is a fluid connective tissue which which helps in the transportation of food, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other substances.within the body.

* The different components of blood are plasma, RBCs and WBCs and platelets.

* There is a networks of tubes called blood vessels through which the blood flows on the body.

* The blood circulates twice through the heart for making one full round through the body.

*  The pulse rate of a normal person is 72 pulses per minute.

* The blood pressure of a healthy man is 120/80 mm of Hg.

* Doctors find the blood group before blood transfusion.

* There are four types of blood groups in human as: A, B, AB, O. Each group is either Rh positive or Rh negative.

* Palpitation, cardiac arrest and hypertension related with functioning of heart.

* Lymph acts as middleman and help in the exchange of various material between blood and body tissues.

A) Name the following 

a) The vein that carries oxygenated blood.

b) A lymphatic organ.

c) The protein produced by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance.

d) The contraction phase of the heart.

e)  iron pigment present in erythrocytes .

B) Chose the odd one out:

a) Arteries, Tonsils, Veins, Capillaries.

b) albumin, globulin, urea, fibrinogen.

c) erythrocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils.

d) Pulmonary artery, pulmanary vein, aorta, left ventricle.

e) cardiac arrest, palpitation, hypertension, blood sugar.

B) Fill in the blanks:

a) In blood calcium and ____ concentration is very high.

b) Lymphatic remove ____ from the tissues.

c) The phase when auricle and ventricle relax together is called _____

d) ____ is a wave of contraction transmitted along the arteries.

e) blood contains ____ which form a clot around wound thus preventing blood loss.

e) Veins are ____ and lie just below the skin.

f) The chambers of heart which receives blood is called ___

g) ____' is the iron pigment present in red blood cells.

h) The pH of blood is ____

i) Mature erythrocytes are minute ____ and disc shaped.

C) Write true or false and correct the incorrect statements:

a) The blood pressure of a health man is 170/100 mm of Hg.

b) Fats from the intestine is absorbed in blood.

c) Erythrocytes are present in lymph.

d) In a healthy adult, the heart beats on an average of 92 times a minute.

e) Thrombocytes are about 2.5 lakh in one cubic millimetre of blood.

D) Choose the correct answer:

A) Which of the following is not a cause of hypertension?

a) salt rich diets b) physical inactivity c) lack of oxygen d) modern lifestyle 

B) The heart beat of a new born baby per minute is

a) 72 b) 80 c) 140 d) 250

C) Life Span of RBC is

a) 120 days b) 8-14 days c) 6 months d) 1 year 

D) Rh factor is a special protein reported first in

a) Karl Landsteiner won Nobel prize for his work on blood groups in the year.

a) 1921 b) 1931 c) 1941 d) 1951

E) Match the Column 

Column A 

a) tonsil

b) macrophages 

c) inferior vena cava 

d) leucocytes 

d) dub

Column B

i) semilunar valves 

ii) gland 

c) engulf microorganisms 

d) blood from lower body parts 

NERVOUS SYSTEM 

Cerebrum: Part of the brain which acts as control of the body.

Cerebellum: Part of the brain which controls and coordinates skeletal muscles and maintains balance of the body.

Reflex action: The automatic response by a body towards the stimulus.

Neuron: The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Stimulus: Any agent in the environment that may cause an organism to respond.

* The brain, spinal cord and nerves form the nervous system of the body. Together they control the functions of the body like movement, voluntary and involuntary actions, memory, speech, learning, etc.

* The automatic response of a body to stimulus is called reflex action. It is done without thinking.

* The nervous system is made up of millions of nerve cells called neurons. A bundle of neurons make up a nerve.

* The functional junction between two neurons is called synapse.

* The main parts of the brain are cerebrum, Cerebellum, medulla oblongota.

* There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

* There are five main receptors, which are referred to as sense organs. These sense organs are: eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin.

* Reflex arc: The route for coordination of response, it starts with receptor and goes through nerves. CNS and motor nerves to the effector organ.

A) Name the following:

a) The automatic response by the body towards stimulus.

b) The smallest functional unit of nervous system.

c) The largest and most complex part of brain.

d) The nerves emerging from the brain.

e) The innermost layer of the eyeball.

f) Organ of touch.

g) Part of brain that regulate respiration.

h) The nerves emerging from spinal cord.

i) The pathway of stimuli which forms an arc when it travels from receptor to effector.

j) Receptor which detects the taste.

Choose the odd one from each of the following:

a) Cyton, dendrite, axon, cytology 

b) sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, nephron.

c) spinal cord, reflex arc, reflex action, reflection.

d) stimulus, receptor, effector, reflector 

e) Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongota, synapse 

Fill in the blanks:

class X science

TRANSPORT OF FOOD MINERALS IN PLANTS

A) Name the following :

a) The membrane which allows the solvent to pass through it but not the solute.

b) The process by which solid, liquid and gases move from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration.

c) The upward movement of water and minerals from roots towards the top of the plant.

d) The pull which helps in have conduction of water in case of tall trees.

e) The tissue which helps in conduction of water minerals in the plant.

f) An apparatus used to measure the rate of transpiration.

g) An antitranspirant.

h) A plant having hydathodes.

i) The tissue which helps in conduction of food in plants.

j) Name the disease caused due to deficiency of nitrogen nutrients in plants.

B) Choose the odd one from each of the following giving reason:

a) Osmosis, Diffusion, Active transport, Transpiration pull.

b) Meristematic zone, Shoot cap, Elongation zone, Maturation zone.

c) Conduction, Rranslocation, Transpiration , Ascent of sap.

d) Root pressure, Transpiration pull, Turgor pressure, Capillary force.

e) Egg-membrane, Parchment paper, Goat's bladder, Litmus Paper.

f) Cooling effect, Ascent of sap, Conduction of minerals,  Evaporation.

g) Stomata, Xylem , Lenticel, Hydathodes.

h) Sunlight, Temperature, Humidity , Hydathodes.

i) Tracheids, Teaches, Xylem parenchyma, Sieve plates.

j) Nitrogen , Phosphorus, Potassium , Cooper 

C) Fill in the blanks:

a) ____ tissue is involved in the transportation of water in plants.

b) The young growing tip of the root is protected by ____.

c) ____ occurs through a semi permeable membrane.

d) ____ is the major component of protoplasm present in a living cell.

e)A plant cell becomes ____ on absorbing water from the soil.

f) Root hairs absorb____ from the soil by active transport.

g) Upward movement of water takes place through _____.

h) ______system of plants absorb water and minerals from the soil.

i) _____ is the inflow of water molecules form an external solution into a cell.

j) A plasmolysed protoplasm swells photo when it is placed in ____ water.

k) Cactus does not have _____ transpiration.

l) Sunken stomata ____  the rate of transpiration.

D) Write true or false and correct the incorrect statements:

a) Osmosis plays an important role in the absorption of water by plants.

b) A semipermeable membrane allows the passage to only solvent molecules through it.

c) Root hairs do not help in absorption of water and minerals.

d) Water is responsible for developing turgor pressure in the cell.

e) Movement of molecules from the region of lower to that of higher concentration is called diffusion. 

E) Choose the correct answer:

1) Ascent of sap occurs due to:

a) root pressure b) transpiration pull c) capillary force  d) all of these 

2) Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to the lower concentration through a membrane.

a) diffusion b) active c) osmosis d) all of these 

3) The pressure developed in the root due to continuous inflow water in it

a) Turgor pressure b) root pressure  c) transpiration pull d) none 

4) The upward movement of cell sap in the plants is called :

a) conduction b) absorption c) transpiration  d) none 

5) The tissue which helps in conduction of water and minerals in the plant:

a) Phloem b) Xylem c) vein d) none 

 

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 

 

A) Name the following:

a) Ductless glands which release their secretion into bloodstream .

b) which gland is called master gland ?

c) which gland is called emergency gland .

d) name the disease caused due to the dietary deficiency of iodine 

e) Name a gland having dual function 

B) Fill in the blanks :

a) deficiency of___ cause diabetes.

b) ____ is called stress hormone.

c)  Testes secrete____ in males.

d) _____ is called master gland.

e) _____ regulate the calcium and phosphorus in the ratio body.

C) Write true or false statement and correct the incorrect statements 

a) thyroxine hormone causes critination in early growing age.

b) pancreas releases emergency hormone, i.e, Adeline hormone

c) parathyroid glands regulate calcium and phosphorus balance in the body.

d) glucagon lowers blood sugar level.

D) Give one word for the following :

a) Flight or fight hormone.

b) chemical messenger in our body.

c) glands with duct

d) glands without duct.

e) it lowers the level of glucose in the blood

f) it raises the level of glucose in the blood.

CURRENT ELECTRICITY 

1) A conductor of resistance 4 Ω can pass a current up 2.5 A through it. Calculate the potential difference required across the conductor.        10V

2) Calculate the amount of work done in moving a charge of 5 C through a potential difference of 25V. What will be the potential difference if this amount of work is done in moving a charge of 10C ?       12.5V

3) A metallic wire of length 1m is stretched to double its length in such a way that there is no change in density of the wire . Calculate the ratio of the final resistance.     1:4

4) A wire of length 15m and uniform cross section of 6x 10⁻⁷m² has a resistance of 5Ω. Calculate the resistivity of the material of the wire.    2 x 10⁻⁷Ωm

5) When a potential difference of 4V is applied across the ends of a wire of 10m length, a current of 2A flows through it. Calculate 

a) the resistance per unit length of the wire.     0.2Ω m⁻¹

b) the resistance of 4m length of this wire.      0.8Ω

6) A battery supplies a current of 0.8 A through a 2Ω resistor and a current of 0.4A through a 5Ω resistor. Calculate the internal resistance of the battery.     1Ω

7) What will be the equivalent resistance of three resistors of 4Ω, 8Ω and 16 Ω if these are connected in 

a) series.    28Ω

b) parallel.      2.28Ω

8) A lamp of resistance 800 Ω, a fire alarm of resistance 30 Ω and a vacuum cleaner of resistance 200Ω are connected in parallel to the mains supply of 240 V. Calculate the current through each appliance and the total current supplied by the mains.    9.5A

9) The effective resistance of two resistors is 25Ω. If the resistance of one of the resistors is 10 Ω, what is the resistance of the other resistors ?     15Ω

10) The effecttive resistance of three resistors connected to a battery is 5 Ω. If R₁ = 10Ω, R₂ = 15Ω, what will be the value of R₃ ? Draw a circuit diagram with the flow of current across each resistor.      30Ω

11) A parallel pair of resistors of values 4Ω and 12 Ω are together connected in series with another resistors of value 3 Ω and battery of emf 24 V. Draw a circuit diagram and calculate the current across each resistor .        3A, 1A

12) The figure below shows

V-I graphs of two metallic conductors for series and parallel combination. Which graph represents parallel combination ?

13) The lengths of three conducting wires of same materials are in the ratio 1:2:3. The area of cross section of each wire is same, if these wires are joined in parallel across a battery, what will be the ratio of the currents in them ?     6:3:2

14) In the given circuit diagram,

the emf of the cell is 5 V and its an internal resistance is 2.5 Ω. Calculate the current flowing in the circuit.    0.67A

15) Find the current flowing through the given circuit connected to a cell of supply 5V. 

  3.75A

16) From the circuit flow diagram given below,

Calculate the current flowing through the circuit.      0.67A

17) Three resistors of 8Ω, 4 Ω and 2 Ω are connected together in such a way that the total resistance is greater than 8Ω but less than 10 Ω. Suggest a suitable arrangement of how these resistors can be possibly combined and calculate the total resistance.    9.33Ω

18) In the given diagram,

A₁, A₂ and A₃ are three ammeters of negligible resistance. The reading of ammeter A₃ is 1A. Calculate 

a) the readings of ammeter A₁ and A₂.    3A

b) the total resistance of the circuit.     2Ω

19) The diagram below

shows three resistors of 5Ω, 8Ω and 10Ω connected to a battery of emf 10V. Calculate 

a) the potential difference across the parallel resistors 8Ω and 10Ω.   4.7V

b) the current through 8Ω resistors.   0.59A

20) A cell of emf 2.5 V and internal resistance 1.5 Ω is connected to resistors of 5 Ω and 15Ω in series. Draw a circuit diagram and calculate 

a) the current in the circuit.   0.116A

b) the potential difference across each resistor.    1.74V

c) the total potential difference across the cell.     2.32V

21) An electric motor draws a current of 5 A from a 220V line. Determine the power of the motor and the energy consumed in 2 hour.   7.92 x 10⁶J

22) A heater has a power of 1.1 kW at 220V.

a) Find the resistance of the heater.   44Ω

b) Calculate the energy in kWh consumed in a week if the heater is used daily for 4h.    30.8 kWh

23) An electric heater draws 5A of current for 10 minute when connected to 230V power supply. Find the heat energy developed.      690 kJ

24) Find the current flowing through an electric bulb rated as 100W, 220V when connected to a 110 V supply. What will be the power consumed now?    25W

25) Three bulbs, A, B and C, are connected in parallel across 110V source . The rating of bulb is 5oW, 110V,  bulb B is 20W,110 V and bulb C is 100 W, 110V

a) Calculate the current flowing in each bulb.  0.45A, 0.18A, 0.9A

b) Which bulb will glow the brightest ?    C

26) Two resistors with resistance R₁ = 5Ω and R₂=7Ω are connected in series across a battery of emf of 16V. Draw a circuit diagram and find

a) the electrical energy consumed by each resistor in 30 second.265.33J, 371.47 J

b) total power developed in the circuit.      21.28 W

27) In the previous example, if the resistors are connected in parallel instead of series, what would be the electrical energy consumed by each resistor. Draw a circuit diagram for the same.    1536 J, 1097.14 J

28) two bulbs are rated as 40W, 220 V and 40W, 110 V,  respectively. Compare the resistance of two bulbs.    4:1

29) A geyser is rated 1.5kW, 250V. It is connected to 250V mains. Calculate 

a) the current drawn by the geyser.     6A

b) electrical energy consumed in 10h in joules.     54 x 10⁶ J

c) cost of energy consumed at Rs3.50 per kWh.      Rs52.50

30)  Four tube lights of 40 W each, two fans of 100W each and three bulbs of 60W each operate on an average of 8h per day. If the cost of energy is Rs2.50 per kWh, calculate the monthly bill.      Rs324

PERIODIC PROPERTIES AND VARIATIONS OF PROPERTIES (PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL)

BOOSTER

* In every chemistry classroom and laboratory, you will see Periodic Table of the elements on the wall, because in learning chemistry and in solving chemistry problems, no other source of information is used as often. In its symbols and numbers, and most of all in its structure, the Periodic Table contains information about the chemical behaviour of the elements and about the masses, compositions and structures of their atoms.

* In the beginning of the development of chemistry only a few elements were known. But with the discovery of new elements their number went on increasing gradually and it became inconvenient to remember and study the chemistry of so many elements. This condition led to the necessity of classification of elements so as to facilitate the study of chemistry. The arrangement of the elements according to their similarities and dissimilarities resulted in the formation of Periodic Table . The periodic arrangement of known elements according to their properties in a tabular form is known as Periodic Table.

* The Modern Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

*  In the Modern Periodic Table , there are 7 Periods and 18 Groups .

* Groups I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and 0 (zero) represent various Groups. Groups I to VII are divided in sub-groups A and B.

* Elements of zero Group are called Nobel gases and or inert gases.

* Electron shells increase progressively by one down a Group .

* Elements in the same Group have the same number of electrons in their outermost shells.  As a result, elements in the same Group have similar chemical properties.

*  Elements in the same Period have the same number of electron shells. Electrons in the outermost shell increases progressively by one across a Period.

Periodic properties and their Variations in Periods and Groups 

Atomic size or Atomic Radius: 

Atomic radius is the distance between the centre of the nucleus of an atom and its outermost shell containing the electrons. It is measured in Angstrom, abbreviated as A°. 1 A°= 10⁻¹⁰m. The atomic size of the elements decreases in a Period from left to right. The atomic size of elements increases from top to bottom in a Group .

* Ionization Potential (I. P) or Ionization Energy (I. E):

Ionization potential is the amount of energy required to remove a loosely bound electron from the outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom. it is measured in electron volt (eV). The energy required to remove the first electron is called first ionization potential. The energy required to remove the second electron is called the second ionization potential. Second ionisation potential is more than the first ionization potential. The ionization potential increases on moving from left to right in a Period. It decreases on moving from top to bottom in a Group .

* Electron affinity(E. A) or Electron Gain Enthalpy: 

Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to the outermost shell of an isolated gaseous neutral atom. It is measured in electron volt (eV). Since energy liberated, we use minus (-1) . For example, the electron affinity of chlorine is -3.82 eV. The electron affinity increases in a Period on moving from left to right. It decreases in a Group when we move from top to bottom .

* Electronegativity (E. N): Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared pair of electronr towards itself. Electronegativity increases across a Period. It decreases from top to bottom in a Group.

* Metallic Character: It is the property of an atom to lose one or more electrons on heating. It decreases on moving left to right across a Period, and increasees from top to bottom on moving down a Group.

* Non-metallic Character:  It is the property of an atom to gain one or more electrons in order to attain octate in their outermost shell, when supplied with energy. Non-metallic character increases in a Period as we move from left to right, and it decreases in a Group on moving down from top to bottom.

*  Alkali Metals : Alkali metals are those elements which follow immediately after the inert gases in the Periodic Table. They consist of 6 elements, Li( lithium), Na(sodium), K(potassium), Rb(Rubidium), Cs(Cesium) and Fr(Francium).

Physical Properties:

a) Commonly found in a combined state.

b) Soft and can be cut with a knife, except  Li(lithium).

c) Silvery-white and shining metals.

d) Excellent conductors of heat and electricity.

e) Emit electrons under the influence of light.

f) Low melting and boiling points.

g) Low density. ( the density increases on moving down the Group .)

Chemical properties:

a) Highly reactive.

b) React with water to form hydroxides with the liberation of hydrogen and heat.

For example, 2Na+ 2H₂O ---> 2NaOH + H₂ + Heat.

c) React with halogen to form a stable binary compound.

For example, 2Na + Cl₂ ---> 2NaCl.

d) React with hydrogen to form white crystalline compounds.

For example, 2Na + H₂ ---> 2NaH.

e) React with oxygen to form oxides.

For example, 4Na + O₂ ---> 2Na₂O.

f) React with non metals to form electrovalent compounds.

For example, Na+ Cl ---> NaCl.

g) Strong reducing agents.

Halogens:

Elements of Group VIIA are called halogens . They consist of 4 elements. F( fluorine), Cl( chlorine), Br(Bromine) , I(iodine).

Physical Properties:

a) Commonly occurs as salts.

b) Bad conductors of heat and electricity.

c) Atomic size increases on moving down the Group .

d) Electronegativity decreases on moving down the Group .

e) Electron affinity decreases on moving down the Group .

f) Melting and boiling points increases on moving down the Group .

Chemical properties:

a) Reactivity decreases on moving down the Group .

b) React with hydrogen to form covalent hydrides.

 For example, H₂ + I₂ ---> 2HI

c) React with non metals to form covalent compounds.

For example, 2P+ 3Cl₂ ---> 2PCl₃

d) React with metals to form metal halides.

For example, Ca + Cl₂ ---> CaCl₂

e) Strong oxidizing agents. The oxidising property decreases down the Group.

A) FILL IN THE BLANKS :

1) The serial number of an element in the pieriodic Table is also its____. (Atomic number /mass number ).

2) The metallic character_____in a Group as one moves from top to bottom. (Increases/decreases)

3) The metallic character____ in a Period as one moves from left to right. (Increases/decreases).

4) _____is the most active nonmetal.(Chlorine/ Iodine)

5) _____is the most active metal.(Magnesium/ sodium)

6) An increase in nuclear charge____ the tendency of an atom to accept electrons. (Increases/ decreases)

7) The atomic size____as one moves from left to right across a Period.(Increases/ decreases)

8) The element in Group VIIA which is a liquid at room temperature is____. (F/ Cl/ Br)

9) Nuclear charge of an atom is the____(negative/positive) charge on the nucleus of an atom, equivalent to the atomic____(numbers/mass) of an atom.

10) Atomic size of neon is_____than the atomic size of fluorine.(More/ less)

11) With increase in nuclear charge the nuclear attraction for outer electron____(increasees/ decreases), Hence ionisation potential____(increases/ decreases). 

12) If an element has one electron in its outermost shell. Then it is likely to be____. (Non metallic/ metallic)

13) The Properties of elements are periodic functions of their____. (Atomic numbers/ mass numbers

14) The element below sodium in the same Group would be expected to have a___. (Lower / higher) electronegativity than sodium and the element above chlorine would be expected to have a_____(lower / higher) ionisation potential than chlorine.

15) On moving from left to right in a given Period, the number of shells___. (Remains the same/ increases/ decreases)

16) On moving down a Group, the number of valence electrons_____( remains the same/ increase/ decreases)

B) CHOOSE CORRECT OPTION:

1) The chemical properties of an element depends on its:

a) atomic mass

b) atomic number

c) atomic energy

d) atomic volume

2) Total number of vertical columns (Groups) in the Long Form of the Periodic Table is :

a) 8 b) 18 c) 17 d) 16

3) The element having the lowest ionisation potential in period 3 is:

a) Na b) K c) Mg d) A

4) The number of elements present in Period 3 is :

a) 6 b) 32 c) 18 d) 8

5) On going down a Group, the number of valence electrons.

a) increases b) decreases

c) remains the same

d) varies irregularly

6) The number of Periods in the Long Form of Periodic Table is:

a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 10

7) On moving down a Group, the size of atoms :

a) increases b) decreases

c) remains the same

d) varies irregularly

8) Which one of the following ions has the smallest radius ?

a) Cl⁻ b) K⁺ c) S²⁻ d) Ca²⁺

9) On moving from left to right in a Period the metallic character of elements:

a) increases

b) decreases

c) remains the same

d) varies irregularly

10) The correct order of decreasing first ionisation potential is :

a) C > B > Be > Li

b) C > Be > B > Ki

c) B > C > Be > Li

d) Be > Li > B > C

11) Which halogen has the highest electron affinity ?

a) F b) Cl c) Be d) I

12) The most electronegative element in the Period Table is:

a) N b) O c) Cl d) F

13) Which has the smallest size?

a) Na⁺ b) Al³⁺ c) Mg²⁺ d) P⁵⁺

14) Which of the following is the correct order of ionisation potential in the Periodic Table?

a) F > O > N > C

b) O > F > N > C

c) O > N > F > C

d) C > N > O > F

15) The electron affinity for noble gases is likely to be:

a) high b) small c) zero d) Positive

16) Which of the following has the highest electron affinity?

a) F b) O c) O⁻ d) Na⁺

17) The size of a positive ion is:

a) more than its atom.

b) less than its atom

c) equal to its atom

d) none of the above

18) Which one of the following is correct order of the size ?

a) I > I⁻> I⁺ 

b) I > I⁺> I⁻   

c) I⁺ > I⁻> I   

d) I⁻ > I > I⁺ 

19)The size of chloride ion (Cl⁻) is

a) smaller than chlorine atom

b) bigger than chlorine atom

c) equal to that of chlorine atom

d) none of the above

20) The ionic radii of N³⁻ , O²⁻ , F⁻ and Na⁺ follow the order

a) N³⁻ > O²⁻ > F⁻ > Na⁺

b) N³⁻ > Na⁺ > O²⁻ > F⁻  

c) Na⁺> O²⁻ > N³⁻ > F⁻  

d) O²⁻ > F⁻ > Na⁺ > N³⁻

C) NAME THE FOLLOWING:

1) The element present in the first Period.      

2) The biggest atom in the third Period.    

3) A solid halogen.    

4) The smallest element of third Period.   

5) The family of elements to which chlorine belongs.   

6) The family of elements to which sodium belongs.     

7) The family of elements to which argon and neon belongs.    

8) Least electronegative element of halogen family.    

9) A non metal which has three electrons in its outermost shell.  

10) The smallest atom in the third Period.      

11) The least reactive elements in Group IA.   

12) The most metallic element in the third Period.  

13) The most nonmetallic element in the third Period. 

14) The element which is most electronegative in the third Period.   

15) A greenish yellow gas other than chlorine.   

16) The most abundant halide salt.     

17) The element which has the highest ionisation potential.  

18) The element of third Period which has least ionisation potential.    

19) The most electronegative element of second period.    

20) An element in period 3 with electronegativity 3.0.   

21) The element with the least ionisation potential in the 2nd period.     

22) The element which has the highest electron affinity in the third Period.    

23) The noble gas having an electronic configuration 2,8,8.  

24) The valency of elements in Group I.    

25) An element of group VIIA, solid at room temperature.        

D) TRUE/FALSE

1) The electron present in the outermost shell are called valence electrons.   

2) In a group, atomic and ionic radii decrease from top to bottom due to increase in the number of shells.     

3) The electron affinity of elements increases in a group from top to bottom and decreases along a Period from left to right.      

4) The amount of energy required to remove a loosely bound electron from the outermost shell of an isolated atom is called ionisation potential.      

5) Electron affinity is the property of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, when combined to form a compound.    

6) Lithium resembles radium and potassium in electropositive character and univalency.      

7) The element in a Group have consecutive atomic Numbers.      

8) On going down in a Group of the Modern Periodic Table, the metallic character of elements increases.      

9) The tendency of an atom of an element to donate or lose electrons is called electropositivity.           

10) Iron is a non-metal.          

E) DEFINE:

1) Periods in Periodic table

2) Group in Periodic table

3) Periodicity

E) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1) What are Periods ?

2) How many electrones are present in the valency shell of the element with the atomic number 18 ?

3) Explain why electron affinity of an atoms increases from left to right along a Period in the Modern Periodic Table.

3) What happens in the number of valence electrons in the atoms of elements as we go down in a Group of the Modern Periodic Table ?

4) From amongst Be, B, and C, choose the element with the highest ionisation potential.

5) What is similar in the electronic structure of Li, Na, and K ?

6) Which of the following elements are in the same Group of the Periodic table ? Magnesium, Nitrogen, Beryllium, Sulphur 

7) Which group of elements was missing from Mendeleev's original Periodic table ?

8) State the Periodic law on which Mendeleev's Periodic table was based ?

9) In the Long Form of the Periodic Table. the elements are arranged according to their mass numbers. Is this statement correct ? if not, correct it.

10) How could the atomic radius of a noblw gas compered with other elements in a Period ?

11) What similarity do halogen show in their molecular state ?

12) Why is ionization potential of O less that of N ?

13) Explain why the elements with low ionisation potential exhibit metallic properties.

14) Account for the difference in size of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ as Fe²⁺ = 0.76 A° and Fe³⁺ = 0.64 A°.

15) Give the formula of one species positively charged and one negativity charged that will be iso-electronic with Ne.

16) Mg²⁺ ion is smaller than O³ ion  althrough both are iso-electronic. Explain .

17) What is the probable formula of the oxide of silicon ? (Silicon occurs below carbon in the Periodic Table)

18) What would you expect the formula of a compared of hydrogen with an element I to be ? ( use I as the symbol of the element.)

19) How do the nature of oxides of the elements change on moving from top to bottom in a Group of the Periodic Table?

Give example.

20) What is the common feature of the electronic configuration of the elements at the end of Period 2 and Period 3 ?

21) if an element is in group 7(or group 7A). is it likely to be metallic or nonmetallic in character ?

22) What is meant by a group in a Periodic Table ?

23) theelectronegativities of the elements in period 3 of the Periodic Table are as follows with elements arranged in alphabetical order:

Al    Cl     Mg     Na      P      S       Si

1.5  3.0   1.2    0.9     2.1   2.5    1.8 

Arrange the elements in the order in which they occur in the Periodic Table from left to right. ( The group 1 element first, followed by the group 2 element and so on, up to Group 7.)

24) Predict the Group of an element X if its atomic number is 16.

10) Select the correct order of radii of three species Ca, Ca⁺ and Ca²⁺

a) Ca > Ca⁺ > Ca²⁺

b) Ca²⁺ > Ca⁺ > Ca

c) Ca⁺ > Ca > Ca²⁺ 

d) Ca⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Ca

Assign suitable reason.

11) Electron affinities of two elements A and B are as follows:

A=3.79 eV and B= 3.56 eV 

Which of them will ionise more easily and why ?

12) How does the number of valence electrons vary on moving from left to right:

a) in the first Period of the Periodic Table?

b) in the second Period of the Periodic Table?

c) in the second Period of the Periodic Table?

13) The elements lithium, sodium and potassium were put in one Group on the basis of their similar properties.

a) What are those similar properties

b) What is the usual name of this Group or family.?

14) Which is larger, Na⁺ or K⁺ ? Why?

15) Chlorine , bromine and iodine elements were put in one Group on the basis of their similar properties:

a) What are those similar properties ?

b) What is the common name of this Group or family ?

16) In the following set of elements, one element does not belong to the set. Select this element.  Give reason in support of your answer.

Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Beryllium .

17) Consider the following elements: Na, Ca, Al, K, Mg, Li

a) Which of these elements belongs to the same Period of the Modern Periodic Table ?

b) Which of these elements belongs to the same Group of the Modern Periodic Table ?

18) What is the cause of periodicity of elements in the Periodic Table?

19) What are the following Groups known as?

a) Group IA

b) Group VIIA

c) Group Zero 

20) How did the following properties vary in a Period, say Period 3 ?

a) Atomic size

b) Metallic character

c) Non-metallic character

d) Ionisation potential 

e) Electron affinity 

f) Electronegativity

21) a) Name the elements of Period 3.

b) Which element in Period three is likely to react most violently with chlorine.

c) Of the 8 elements in Period 3, which is likely to form a compound of the formula XCl₃  with chlorine.

22) Match the following 

Column A 

a) Proton 

b) Sodium 

c) Barium 

d) Chlorine 

e) Electron

f)  Completed shell 

Column B 

i) An alkaline earth metal 

ii) halogen 

iii) noble gas 

iv) An alkaline metal 

v) Responsible for nuclear charge

vi) Occupied subshell 

23) Among the elements of the second Period (Li to Ne), pick out the element.

a) with the largest atomic size.

b) with the highest ionisation potential.

c) with highest electron affinity.

d) With highest electronegativity.

e) which is the most reactive metal.

f) which is the most reactive nonmetal.

24)a) How many Groups and Periods are there in the Modern Periodic Table ?

b) On what basis is an element placed in a particular Period in a Group ?

c) The electronic configuration of three elements A, B and C are as follows:

A-- 2   8    18    18     8    1

B-- 2   8    18    18     7

C-- 2   8    18.   32    18   8

Find the respective Period and Group to which each of them belongs.

25) For each of the following pairs, predict which one has a greater ionization potential and greater electron affinity ?

a) I, I⁻

b) B, C

c) Li, Li⁺

26) What is the number of elements in:

a)  first Period of the Modern Periodic Table ?

b) 2nd Period of the Modern Periodic Table  ?

c) 3rd Period of the Modern Periodic Table?

27) a) What are alkali metals ?

b) In which Group and Sub groups are they are placed ?

c) What is their valency ?

d) Why do they not occur free in nature?

28) This question refery to the elements of the Periodic Table with atomic numbers from 3 to 18. Some of the elements are shown by letters, but the letters are not the usual symbols of the elements.

3    4    5    6    7    8    9    10 

A    B    C   D    E    F    G    H 

11 12  13  14  15  16  17  18 

 I     J     K    L    M   N    O  P 

Which of these elements:

a) are noble gases ?

b) are halogens ?

c) are alkali metals ?

d) are elements with valency 4?

29) An element X belongs to Period 3 and Group II of the Periodic Table . State :

a) the number of valence electrons .

b) valency of the element.

c) is it metal or nonmetal.

d) the name of the element.

 

30) The atoms A and B have electronic configuration (2, 8, 2) and  (2,6) respectivaly.

a) to which Period do A and B belong ?

b) to which group do A and B belong ?

c) What are the valencies of A and B with respect to hydrogen ?

d) What is the formula of the compound of A and B ? Is the compound ionic or covalent in nature ?

31) An element X belongs to Period 2 and another element Y belongs to Group 15 of the Periodic Table.

a) What is the number of valence electrons in X ,?

b) What is Valency of X ?

c) What is the number of valence electrons in Y ?

d) What is the valency of Y?

32) In any vertical column of elements in the sub group A of the Periodic Table , as you go from top to bottom :

a) the elements become ____metallic (less /more)

b) the number of electronic shells ____ (increases/decreases)

c) The ionization potential ______. (decreases/ increases)

d) the electronegativity_______ (decreases/ increases).

33) a) What are noble gases ?

b) What is the speciality of the their outermost shells ?

c) in which group are they placed  ?

d) why is that Group referred to as Zero Group  ?

e) why are they referred to as inert gases ?

34) a) What are halogens ?

b) in which Group and Sub groups are they placed ?

c) What is their valency ?

d) Why are they called halogens ?

e) why do they not occur free nature ?

35) Arrange the elements of Group VIIA according to the given conditions:

a) increasing order of atomic size.

b) Increasing non metallic character.

c) increasing ionization potential.

d) increasing electron affinity.

e) decreasing electronegativity .

36) The electronic configuration of an elements T is 2, 8, 7.

a) What is the Group number of T ?

b) What is the Period number of T ?

c) How many valence electrons are there in an atom of T ?

d) What is the valency of T ?

e) is it a metal or nonmetal ?

37) Arrange the following elements as per the guidelines in brackets.

a) Cl, Mg, Na, P( in increasing order of atomic size)

b) Al, Cl, Na, S ( in increasing order of ionization potential)

c) Ar, He, Ne (in decreasing order of number of electronics shells).

d) C, Li, F, N, (in increasing order of electronegativity)

e) C, F, Li, O, (in increasing order of electron affinity)

38) The table given below shows the mass number and the number of neutrons in 4 elements -- P,Q, R, S

Elements:              P    Q    R     S 

Mass number:     12   20  23   35

No of neutrons:    6    10  12   18

a) Write down the atomic number of S.

b) Write down the electronic configuration of S.

c) To which Group S belongs ?

d) To  which Period S belongs ?

e) What will be the nature (ionic or covalent) of the compound formed by 

i) R and S

ii) P and S

39) The position of three elements X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table is as shown below:

Group 16     Group 17

     ---                   X

     ----                -----

      Y                   Z

a) What will be the valency of Z ?

b) What is the name of the family to which element Z  belongs ?

c) State whether Z is a metal or nonmetal.

d) will Z be larger or smaller than Y ?

e) State whether Z is more or less reactive than X.

40) Fill in the blanks:

a) Group 3A elements have____ electrons in their outermost shells.

b) Nitrogen has ____electrons in its outermost shell.

c) Group zero elements have_____ electrons in their outermost shells except ____.

d) The outermost shell electrons are also known as____ electrons.

e) When an atom of magnesium unites with another to form a compound. ____electrons of magnesium are primarily involved.

41) Question (a) to (e) refer to change in the properties of elements on moving left to right across a Period of the Periodic Table . For each property, choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer from choices (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).

a) The non metallic character of the element:

i) decreases ii) increases iii) remain the same iv) depends on the Period 

b) The electronegativity :

i) depends on the member of valence electrons.

ii) remains the same

iii) decreases  iv) increases 

c) The ionization potential 

i) goes up and down 

ii) decreases iii) increases iv) remains the same 

d) The atomic size:

i) decreases ii) increases iii) remains the same iv) sometimes increasees and sometimes decreases 

e) The electron affinity of the elements in Group 1 to 7;

i) goes up and then down 

ii) decreases and then increases

iii) increases  iv) decreases 

F) REASON BEHIND:

1) Sodium is referred to as a normal element.

2) Sodium and potassium are placed in Group I.

3) Noble gases have zero electron affinity values. Explain ?

4) Why is larger Na⁺ or K⁺ ? Why ?

5) Why is the electron affinity for F Less than that of Cl?

6) Why electron affinity of halogen is comparatively high. Give reason.

7) Ionisation potential of alkali metals is comparatively low.

8) Electronegativity of chlorine is higher than that of sulphur.  Why ?

9) Sodium and potassium are called alkali metals . Why ?

10) Why is chlorine more reactive than bromin ?

11) Why Potassium is more reactive than sodium.