ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

1) Differentiate between the following

a) Pure substance/Mixture

b) element/compound 

c) atom/ion 

d) heterogeneous/homogeneous mixture

 2) Match the Column:

COLUMN - I 

a) Pure substances which cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances.

b) Elements which generally have lustre , are good conductors of heat and electricity and are malleable and ductile.

c) Elements to generally have properties mid-way between metals and nonmetals.

d) Elements which are chemically inactive, and occur in traces in the atmosphere.

e) Elements which generally lack luster, are non malleable and non ductile and bad conductors of heat and electricity.

COLUMN -II 

i) Metals 

ii) Noble gases

iii) Metalloids

iv) Elements 

v) Non-metals 

3) Name the following:

a) The most abundant element in the earth's crust.

b) A non-malleable, non-ductile metal.

c) A lustrous non-metal other than graphite.

d) A metalloid other than arsenic.

e) A noble gas also ejected out from the radioactive matter.

f) A non-metal liquid in nature.

g) A metal generally kept under kerosene.

h) A metal with poor electrical conductivity.

i) A element which is tetra-atomic.

j) A non metal with good electrical conductivity.

4) Matter is built up of elementary particles i.e., atoms, molecules or ion and substances are classified further into elements and compounds.

Match the particles of matter -- elements, compounds and mixtures in column -I with their correct term/s in column II 

COLUMN I

a) sodium

b) bronze (alloy)

c) wood (cellulose)

d) petroleum 

e) milk 

f) petrol 

g) Nascent chlorine(Cl)

h) Krypton (Kr)

i) graphite 

j) chlorine gas 

k) antimony(Sb)

l) magnesium

m) Cl¹⁻

n) Sea water

o) colouring matter in ink

COLUMN II 

i) element

ii) compound 

iii) mixture

iv) atom

v) molecule

vi)  ion 

vii) metalloid 

viii) noble gas 

5) State which of the characteristic below pertains to a mixture and which of them to a compound

a) Is a pure substance.

b) Consists of elements, compounds or both.

d) Is composed of two or more elements.

e) Constituents in it are mixed in any proportion.

f) Is composed of two or more substances.

g) Retains the properties of its constituents.

h) Constituents combined chemically in a fixed proportion.

i) Properties are different from the properties of the constituent elements.

6) You are provided with a magnet, Dil. HCl and carbon disulphide. Using the same, how would you distinguish between iron (II) sulphide and iron- sulphur mixture.

7) Give reason for the following:

a) Water is considered a compound while air is considered a mixture.

b) Milk is regarded as a mixture while sodium chloride as a compound.

8) State whether the following mixtures oare heterogeneous or heterogeneous.

a) Duralumin (alloy)

b) sugar in water.

c) sulphur dioxide in water.

d) Ammonia in air.

e) potassium and sodium chloride mixture.

9) Depending on state and nature, the constituents of a mixer can be separated from each other by the use of different physical methods. Match each of the physical methods A to J with the respective principle or methods involved in separation ranging from a to j.

Methods of separation 

A) solvent extraction 

B) chromatography 

C) fractional crystallization 

D) sublimation

E) filtration 

F) sedimentation

G) evaporation 

H) distillation 

I) fractional distillation 

J) separation funnel 

a) Separation of one soluble solid from the other soluble solid one of which directly turns to vapour on heating.

b) Separation of an insoluble component from its liquid complaint by allowing the solid component to settle down.

c) Separation of soluble solid component of a mixture from its liquid constituent by evaporation of the liquid component followed by recondensation of the vapours obtained

d) Separation of two immiscible liquid components of a mixture which separate out due to difference in density.

e) Separation of a non-volatile component of a mixture from its liquid component by allowing the solvent to vaporize completely.

f) Separation of an insoluble solid constituent of a mixture from its liquid constituent by passage through a porous material.

g) Separation of two miscible liquid components which separate out due to difference in boiling points .

h) Separation of one insoluble solid component from other soluble solid component by using a particular liquid.

i) Separation of one soluble solid from the other soluble solid with widely different solubilities in a particular liquid.

j) Separation of dissolved constituent of a mixture based on the difference in adsorbent material.

10) Enlisted below are a number of given mixtures. Match each mixture with the relevant or preferred method of separation of the mixture given in column II.

COLUMN I 

a) sulphur + iron filing 

b) potassium nitrate+ potassium chlorate 

c) Kerosene oil + water 

d) chloroform + ethyl alcohol 

e) Acetone + water 

f) sodium chloride + calcium carbonate

g) Mercury + water 

h) Potassium chloride + sodium nitrate 

i) iron + copper filing

j) Zinc chloride + water

k) charcoal+ sulphur 

l) Iodine+ chloroform

m) iodine + sand 

n) nitrogen     in liquid air 

o) charcoal + sand

p) iodine+ alcohol 

q) Ammonium chloride + Potassium chloride 

r) iron filing + sulphur 

s) common salt      in sea water 

t) Camphor+ impurities 

u) Benzene+ water 

v) Sawdust+ sand 

w) colouring matter    in ink

x) Methyl alcohol + ethyl alcohol 

y) Lead chloride+ water

z) sulphur        in carbon disulphide 

a') rubber           in benzene 

b')  Zinc nitrate + sulpher 

COLUMN II 

i) solvent extraction 

ii) Fractional crystallization 

iii) sublimation 

iv) magnetic separation 

v) sedimentation & decantation 

vi) filtration

vii) evaporation

viii)  distillation 

ix) separating funnel 

x) fractional distillation 

xi) chromatography

11) Constituents of mixtures are separated using a number of different processes.  Correlate each of the diagrams A, B, C, D, E and F, with the enlisted mixtures 1 to 6 which can be separated using the processes A to F. Also name the component X of the mixture 1 to 6 with reference to the diagram.

MIXTURE 

1) iodine from a mixture of iodine and alcohol.

2) iodine from mixture of iodine and sand 

3) Mercury from a mixture of Mercury and water.

4) sand from a mixture of sand and water.

5) Dyes in a solution of black ink.

6) Acetone from a mixture of Acetone and water.

12) Separation of the constituent of a mixture of gases involves different physical methods which include Diffusion , solubility in a solvent, preferential liquification etc. based on the physical properties of the involved gases .

State in each case the technique /method in the separation of the following gas mixture.

a) Hydrogen from mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.

b) Nitrogen from a mixture nitrogen and sulphur dioxide.

c) Carbon dioxide from a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

d) oxygen from a mixture of oxygen and chlorine.

e) Hydrogen from a mixture of hydrogen and ammonia.

13) Chromatography is a technique for separation and identification of substances present in complex mixtures, based on differences in adsorption of the different constituents on the surface of an adsorbent material.

a)  Name two solvent generally used for the dissolving the mixture.

b) Name two adsorbent material or solid mediums.

c) Using an appropriate adsorbent medium and the requisite solvent state in about two steps how the coloured constituents present in an ink solution can be separated.

MIXED PHYSICS (X)

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 

How do you define work stake the circumstances under which work done by body zero a body motion a direction of force applied right and for work done by it write the expression for work if force and displacement of the body are not along a one straight line name the unit to the work in NPS system fundamental units gravitational units define the following rule kilogram metre fill in the blanks one rule how do you define power Express power in terms of this place displacement velocity what are the units of power in in case system absolute units gravitational units make the quantities given below name the units magnesiode Newton rule kilogram metre what how do you define potential energy gravitational potential energy a body of mass is more height in vertically upward direction find the change in exponents name the types of mechanical energy how do you define kinetic energy optim an expression for kinetic energy of a body obtained relation between Kinetic energy and Momentum show that momentum of a body where are is directly square root of the kinetic energy of the body the list so different types of energy chemical heat and light Kinetic nuclear potential sound use only the words from the list to complete the following sentence what a child plays with the battery driven car energy is turn into energy as the car moves when I saying moves the energy at the highest point is changing to energy at the same call what a person sink the energy from the food stand into energy one a student light the bouncer burner chemical energy turn into and energy for the moving car is talked by the application updates energy is converted into energy a force of this places calculate the work done at on a body for some time and impact velocity of 6 calculate the momentum body acts on a body of the body rest initially height of 2 what is the potential energy of 5body mass 2 kg processing kinetic energy as that proceed by body of mass 8 kg moving with the velocity of 5 calculate the velocity of first body behaviour body and lighter body processes some kind energy which of the two has greater Momentum when a car accelerates of what happens to its kinetic energy in the gravitation potential energy kinetic energy tale of water of weight 5 kg and 3 vertical distance of 2 m of a flight of states what will be the work done take G 10 M per square second then why waiting 500 runs up to A from A to B as shown in figure but work is done against gravity and athletics whose weight is 800 runs of a flight A particle i50 M is 22nd calculate the power of athletes moving car is slow Down by application Box with 300 is full 5m Allen horizon to throwed by force of 10 it is the lifted vertically through a distance of 2 m what is the work done on the box a simple pendulum strings and shown in figure at which point potential and maximum at which point kinetic energy is maximum how does total mechanical energy changes during vibration heavier body in a lighter body process some momentum which of the two has greater kinetic energy two body energy a body Amma Sen is moving with the velocity V how will kinetic energy change in the mass of body hard in the velocity double a gardener use a plan to move soil in a wheelbarrow from a point a to point B calculate the work done in the soil from a to b the garden from here to be calculate the power developed calculate the average speed of the wheel of the plans give one example for each of the following change in energy due to change in position change is an individual due to compression change and energy due to elongation change and energy during twisting give one example when no work is done in spite of non zero force and displacement 30 kg on his head the most distance of 10 m on horizontal road in step on staircase height of each win 0.5 L A man lift the weight 40 kg 3 height of 1.5 m and 5 second calculate in What power of the man take g10 M per square secondmachine can be the load 3000 to be height of 20 m timer 15 second calculate the work done in lifting the road What power in what is required to lifted the road the machine was tested during different load the graph of efficiency versus load was bloated from the graph find the maximum efficiency of the machine the load in Newton for which the efficiency 50% that essential the load is 3000 are engine poochh sakte hain na to level tribe the velocity of 70 to buy applying a force 15 10 find the horsepower of the engine 750 following list contain certain types of energy changes electrical energy light energy chemical energy heat energy light energy chemical energy electrical energy kinetic energy from the list select the energy changes that occur in each of the following a motor is switched on table lamp is used photosynthesis to an electric fan complete the table usebelow the to show the main type of energy in device energy before use energy and used loudspeaker gravitation potential energy kinetic energy microphone electrical energy kinetic energy shared drive a model car of weight 2 runs down the track us on speaker how much work was done in the car from point B two point a what type of energy does the car have when it is at the points what is the mass of the car 8 kg of water State Law conservation of energy give an example explaining the concept of law conservation of mechanical energy a bodies dropped from a height at any stand it is a distance x from the top prove that the local mechanical energy of the bodies independent Apex what is the net mechanical energy at that instant a ball rolling on the ground comes to rest after sometimes what happens to its kinetic energy fill in the blanks colony in the following table case type of energy type of energy rotating fans room heater bulb microphonename the device based upon conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy name the device based upon the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy name the device which converts light it into electricity give an example where chemical energy is converted into heat what type of energy is first all given to the simple pendulum after sometime A vibrating simple pendulum stocks what happens to the energy given to it what is the type of energy contain in the simple pendulum what is Insaaf a Gaya position at extreme position at which point does a vibrate simple pendulum poses maximum energy at moving position at extreme position same energy everywhere fill in the blanks have salute in it up the work in NK system gravitational unit of work in MP system is 1 kilogram metre is equals to Z power is the ratio between and potential energy of a body in CGS system is expressed in battery Converse energy into electrical energy then energy of a wind in a windmill is converted to energy to energysolar cell converts energy to energy a line converts electrical energy into energy a thermocouple Converse energy into energy kinetic energy of body varies directly as of its velocity kinetic energy of body varies as the mass of the body if its Momentum is kept constant in a free fall of the conservation of energy holds it could there is no exceptional to the validity of conservation of fan conversation whether the following are true or false work done is always positive work done can be zero in spite of the fact that neither force not displacement is zero absolute of the work is kilogram one litre and fuel are same things a body lying on the surface of the earth may have potential energy kinetic energy of the body is directly proposed to the velocity of the body a Dynamo convert electrical energy to mechanical energy a microphone Converse vibration energy to electrical energy

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PLANE SURFACE AND PRISM 

1a) What is refraction ?

b) is it necessary that the ray of light must changes its path during refraction?

2) Draw a diagram showing a ray of light going from air to water and mark the following.

a) incident ray.

b) refracted ray .

c) Angle of incidence.

d) Angle of refraction.

e) Normal to refracting surface.

3) A ray of light is incident normally on the surface of a glass slab. Compute the diagram and determine the values of following:

a) Angle of incidence.

b) angle of refraction.

4) Figure shows a ray of light going from medium (1) to (2).

Mark the angles of incidence and that of refraction. Which of the two medii is optically denser.

5) State the laws of refraction.

6) Which of the following diagrams represent the correct refraction through a glass slab ?

7a) How do you define refractive index of a medium ?

b) How do you define absolute refractive index of a medium ?

8) How would you express refractive index of medium,

a) in terms of i and r ?

b) in terms of velocity of light ?

c) in terms of absolute refractive indices ?

9) figure shows

the bottom surface of a glass block silvered to act as a mirror. Which one of the following diagrams best represents the path of a light ray that enters the block through the top surface ?

10) An observer O, looking in to a pond, sees a small fish which appears to be at X as shown in figure. Which one of the positions A, B, C or D is nearest to the real position of the fish?

11) A ray of light suffers refraction through a glass slab ? (figure shows) Which of the arrow represents the correct refracted ray?

12) Name a medium, if any, which has refractive index,

a) greater than 1 

b) equal to one.

c) less than 1.

13) a) Absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 3/2 and 4/3. Find 

i) refractive index of glass with respect to water.

ii) refractive index of water with respect to glass.

b)i)  Write the formula to show the relationship between 'real depth' and 'apparent depth'.

ii) A well appears to be 4 m deep. If the refractive index of the water is 4/3, what is the actual depth ?

14) a) Refractive indices of glass and water are 3/2 and 4/3 respectively. Calculate the velocity of light in glass and water. Velocity of light in vacuum is 3x10⁸ m/s.

b) A ray of light goes from air to medium X as shown in the figure. Calculate the refractive index of medium X.

15) a) State principle of reversibility.

b) Prove that refractive index of water w.r.t. air(ᵃμₘ) and that of air w.r.t water (ᵐμₐ) are related to each other by the relation ᵃμₘ x ᵐμₐ = 1.

16) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction through a glass slab.

17a) i) What is meant by, "the refractive index of the class in 1.5".

ii) Write the formula used to find the refractive index of glass.

b) A ray of light passes from air into a liquid. The angle of incidence is 25° while the angle of refraction is 15°. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.

18) A ray of light passes through a rectangular glass block as shown in figure.

a) i) Draw the normal to surface at the point of the incidence.

ii) Find the angle of incidence.

iii) Find the angle of refraction.

iv) hence , calculate the refractive index of the block.

b) Complete the diagram to show the emergent ray from the block .

19) What is the relation between real depth and apparent depth of water pond ?

20) Actual depth of a water pond is 1.5 m. Water does it appear to a man as seen from outside ? Refractive index of water is 4/3.

21) A ray AB suffers refraction through a glass slab. Which of the rays represents the refracted ray ?

22) While studying refraction through glass a number of observations were taken for angles of incidence i and angles of refraction r. Figure shows a graph related with this experiment. Which quantities are taken along the two axes ?

23) A pencil is dipped in to water. How does it appear from outside ? Draw the ray diagram.

24) a fish(full line) situated at the bottom of the river appears to be (dotted line) as shown in the figure.

i) Give reason for the same.

ii) Draw the ray diagram showing this phenomen.

iii) What are the following in terms of A, B and C?

      a) Real depth 

      b) apparent depth 

iv) How are real depth and apparent depth related with each other ?

25) Draw the diagram of a prism and mark the following:

a) refractive face.

b) Refracting angle.

c) Refracting edge.

26) Draw the course of a mono-chromatic ray undergoing refraction through a prism and mark the following.

a) Angle of incidence.

b) Angle of refraction.

c) Angle of deviation.

d) Angle of prism.

27) What is the relation by which angle of incidence and angle of emergence , in case of a prism , are related to each other ?

28) Draw a graph between i and d for a prism and mark the angle of minimum deviation dₘ.

29) Write the relation for refractive index of the material of a prism in terms of angle of prism ?

30) A ray of light is incidence on one of the refracting faces of a prism (figure). Complete the diagram showing various angle for refraction through the prism.

31) If the ray of light passing through a prism suffers minimum deviation, answer the following.

a) What is the relation between i and e ?

b) What is the value of i in terms of angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation?

c) What is the value of angle of refraction in terms of angle of prism?

d) What is the angle which refracted ray inside the prism makes with the base of prism?

32) Which of two colours violet or red gets more deviated through the prism?

33) A ray of light is incident on one of the shorter faces of a right angled isosceles prism . Complete the diagram till the ray emerges out of the prism.

b) What is angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray ?

34) Draw the course of rays through a prismatic binoncuclar indicating clearly the types of inversions involved .

35) Explain the following:

a) Refractive index of every material is always less then one.

b) A ray incidence normally on the surface of water goes undeviated . Discuss mathematically.

c) Twinkling of stars.

d) Sun becomes visible a little time before it actually comes above horizon.

e) Sun remains visible a little time after actual sunset.

36) a) What is total internal reflection?

b) How do you define critical angle?

c) How is critical angle of a medium related with its refractive index ?

d) A ray of light, while going from denser to rater medium, is incident on the interface at critical angle. What is angle of refraction in the rarer medium ?

37) Describe fire fountain experiment with the help of a diagram.

38) a coin C placed at the bottom of a glass containing water , appears to re suspended in air at C'. Explain and draw the ray diagram.

39) The portion AB of the tube appears to be glittering when observed from outside. Explain and draw the ray diagram.

40) A ray of light AB travelling from glass to air, is incident at an angle of 60°. Trace the path of rays till it emerges out of glass. Critical angle for glass to air is 42°.

41) Explain the concept of inferior mirage with the help of a ray diagram.

42) Explain the concept of superior mirage with the help of a ray diagram.

43) Fill in the blanks:

a) Refractive index of water is ________.

b) A ray of light goes from rarer to denser medium. The angle of refraction is ____ than the angle of incidence.

c) The bottom of a water pond appears to be _____ when observed from outside.

d) Refractive index of a medium is the ratio between____ depth to the___:depth.

e) Total internal reflection is observed only if the light goes from____ to___ medium,

f) Greater the refractive index of medium____ is the value of the critical angle.

44) State whether the following statements are true or false:

a) As a result or refraction a ray of light must change its path.

b) In case a ray of light goes from water to air, angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.

c) In case a ray of light goes from air to glass, angle of refraction is smaller than the angle of incidence.

d) Refractive index of air with respect to glass is less than one.

e) For a ray, incidence from denser medium at critical angle on the interface, angle of refraction in the rerer medium is zero .

f) Phenomenon of total internal reflection takes place if the light goes from rarer to denser medium.

REFRACTION' THROUGH A LENS 

1) a) What is a lens ?

b) What is a converging lens ?

c) What is a diverging lens ?

2) Name the lenses shown in the figure

3) a) How do you define centre of curvature of a lens ?

b) What is meant by optical centre of lens ?

4) A ray of light passes the centre of a thin lens are shown in figure. Which of the ray represents refracted ray?

5) Where should an object be placed in figure so that a magnified, virtual image is produced by a lens of focal length f.

6) Explain, with the ray diagrams, the meaning of principal focus for a convex and concave lens.

7) How do you define focal length ?

a) For convex lens.

b) For concave lens.

8) in figure, Shows four reflected rays. Three of these have their origin at A while fourth originate from B. Locate the ray originating from B.

9) figure (a), (b) show refraction of a parallel beam of light through two lenses.

Draw the lens and the name them.

10) Light rays leaving an object O are deviated( in figure a) by a piece glass placed in between X and Y. Which one of pieces of glass shown (in figure b) could be in between X and Y. 

11) How can you explain the prismatic action of lens ?

12) Complete the ray diagram to obtain the image of the object AB.

13) a) What is meant by an image ?

b) What are characteristic of a real image.

c) What are the characteristic of virtual image.

14) Under what circumstances can a convex lens produce a virtual image ? Explain with the help of a diagram.

15) Complete the following diagrams 

16) Locate the position of image and mark the name of that point in figure .

17) An object is placed at O as shown in figure. Which of the position A, B, C or D represents the position of arrow head of the image ?

18) figure shows a parallel beam of light falling on a lens placed at B.

  i) What type of lens produces the effect shown ?

 ii) What is the point A known as ?

 iii) What is distance AB called ?

iv) Is the image real or virtual ?

v) Draw the diagram of the lens to complete the figure.

19) How do you define magnification of lens ?

20) Under what conditions the image of an object obtained through a convex lens is real , inverted and of same size ? Draw the ray diagram.

21) Fill in the blanks, assuming the refraction to be taking place through a convex lens.

S,N   position   position magnification nature 

         of object of image                       of image 

a)      ______      ____          ___      virtual & erect 

b)    At F           _____       ____          _____

c).    ____       At 2 F         ____     real & inverted 

d)   ____     between F & 2F ___   real & inverted

g) At infinity  ____            ____        _____

22) After observing the figure, answer the following: 

a) Name the lens L.

b) Name the point A.

c) Name the plane PQ.

23) In the experimental set-up shown in figure, the image of needle O is obtained at the same place.

a) What is the focal length of the lens ?

b) Complete the ray diagram.

24) Image of the object AB is obtained at A'B' in figure 

a) Where should the lens be placed?

b) What type of lens should be used ?

c) Complete the ray diagram.

25) figure show full size an object(O) placed 5 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 3 cm.

a) Draw two rays from the top of the object(O) through the lens which would enable you to find the position of the image. Mark this point as 'M'.

b) Is the image formed 

    i) real/virtual ?

   ii) upright/ inverted ?

26) An object is placed at distance of 10 cm from a double convex lens of focal length 10cm(in figure )

 i) Draw the course of rays after refraction through the lens.

 ii) Where will the image be formed ?

ii)  Will the image be real or virtual ?

27) Image of the object AB is obtained at A'B' in figure 

a) Where should be the lens be placed ?

b) What type of lens should be used ?

c) Complete the ray diagram.

28)a) A lens produces an inverted and diminished image of an object. What type of lens is it ?

b) A lens produces an inverted image of an object and size of the image is same as that of the object.

i) What type of lens is it ?

ii) What is the distance of the object from the lens ?

c) A magnified and erect image of an object is obtained with a lens.

i) What type of lens is it ?

ii) What can be the position of object ?

d) A diminished and upright image of an object is obtained with the help of a lens.

What is the nature of the lens ?

29) An object is placed at a distance of focal length from a concave lens. Complete the ray diagram.

30) Two lens L₁ and L₂ of focal lengths f₁ and f₂,  respectively, are placed at O₁ and O₂.

a) What is O₁O₂ equal to ?

b) Complete the ray diagram.

31) How do you define power of lens ?

32) What are the units in which power of a lens is measured ?

33) What is power of a lens of focal length 25 cm.

34) What is focal length of lens of power 2.5 D.

35) A object 10 cm tall is placed at a distance of 40 cm from a convex lens of focal length 20cm. Calculate the graphically, the position, nature and size of the image.

36) An object 10 cm is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. Calculate, graphically, the position, nature and size of the image.

37) Draw the diagram of a prism r mark the following:

a) refracting face.

b) refractive angle.

c) refractive adge .

38) Draw the course of a mono-chromatic ray undergoing refraction through a prism and mark the following:

a) angle of incidence.

b) angle of refraction.

c) angle of deviation.

d) angle of prism .

39) What is the relation by which angle of incidence and angle of emergence, in case of a prism, are related to each other?

40) Draw a graph between i and d for a prism and mark the angle of minimum deviation dₘ.

41) Write the relation for refractive index of the material of a prism in terms of angle of prism?

42) Draw the course of rays when a ray of white light passes through a prism and mark different angles.

43) Complete the ray diagram as shown in figure and determine the angle of deviation.

44) How does the prism help in producing lateral and vertical inversion ? Explain with the help of a diagram.

45) Draw the ray diagram of a prismatic binoculars and explain its working.

46) Fill in the blanks:

a) A double convex lens acts as a____ lens.

b) In case of a concavo-convex lens, the radius of curvature of the concar surface is ____than that of convex surface.

c) In case a ray passes through the optical centre of a lens, the incident ray and the refracted rays are ____ to each other.

d) Principal focus is a point situated at a distance of ___ from the centre of the lens .

e) For an object situated on the principal Axis of a concave lens , the image is always ____.

f)  For an object situated at distance equal to twice the focal length of the lens, the image obtained is of _____size.

g) Power of lens is defined as a reciprocal of focal length expressed in____

47) State whether the following statements are true or false:

a) A plano-convex lens is a converging lens.

b) A concavo-convex lens is a diverging lens.

c) A convexo-concave lens is a diverging lens.

d) Focus is a point situated on the principal axis.

e) A virtual image can be photographed .

f) A real image can be taken on a screen.

g) A virtual image cannot be seen.

h) Image of an object, situated on principal axis of a convex lens is always real.

i) Image of an object is situated on the principal axis of a concave lens is always virtual.

j) If the object is situated at a distance equal to twice the focal length of a convex lens, the image is obtained at same distance on the other side of the lens.

CHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY - CHEMICAL REACTIONS - THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY

A) A symbol represents a short form of an element.

a) In most cases the first letter of an element was taken as the symbol for that element. Give two examples of the same.

b) In certain cases the first letter along with its small letter from its name were used as the symbols. Give two examples of the same.

c) In some cases the symbols for derived from their Latin names. Name two metals whose symbols are derived from the same.

d) Sulphur is represented by the symbol 'S'. State how the symbol represents the elements

i) qualitatively (i.e., representation in terms of an atom)

ii) quantitatively,(i.e., representation in terms of weight)

B) 1) Explain the meaning of terms in Italics given below.

 For writing a chemical formula the symbols and the valency of the element or radical should be known:

2) Give reasons for the following :

i) In hydrogen chloride the valency of the element chlorine is considered as one.

ii) Certain metals exhibit more than one valency and showing 'variable valancy'.

C)  State the valency and name the ion or radical in each of the following cases given below (the first example is completed for you)

Electrovalent positive ions or radicals 

Symbol/Valency           Name

1) K¹⁺                    potassium 

2) Na

3) H

4) NH₄

5) Ca

6) Mg

7) Zn

8) Ba

9) Ni

10) Co

11) Al

Variable valencies 

1) Cu¹⁺

2) Cu

3) Hg¹⁺

4) Hf

5) Fe²⁺

6) Fe

7) Mn²⁺

8) Mn

9) Pb²⁺

10) Pb

11) Pt²⁺

12) Pt

Electrovalent negative ion or radicals

1) Cl¹⁻                chloride 

2) ClO₃

3) ClO

4) Br

5) I

6) OH

7) NO₂

8) NO₃

9) HCO₃

10) HSO₃

11) HSO₄

12) AlO₂

13) MnO₄

14) SO₃

15) SO₄

16) S

17) CO₃

18) O

19) CrO₄

20) Cr₂O₇

21) ZnO₂

22) PbO₂

23) PO₄

24) N

25) C

B2) State the valency of each of the elements in the respective compounds given below

a) sulphur in  i) sulphur dioxide.

                       ii) sulphur trioxide.

b) Nitrogen in i) nitrogen monoxide 

                        ii) nitrogen dioxide.

                        iii) dinitrogen oxide.

                        iv) dinitrogen pent.

c) Copper in i) cupric oxide.

                      ii) cuprous oxide.

D1) Complete the table given below for the step by step writing of a formula of a chemical compound. ( The first example has been completed for you)

1) Cr³⁺     SO₄²⁻ 

Cr₂           (SO₄)₃ 

Cr₂(SO₄)₃ = Chromium sulphate 

2) Mg       Cl

3) Na        ClO₃

4) K          ZnO₂

5) Ca        PO₄

6) NH₄     SO₄

7) Na      HSO₃

8) Al         S

9) Zn        SO₄

10) Mg      O₄

D2) Give the formulas of the following compounds whose metallic radical exhibits variable valency.

Compound 

a) cupric nitrate.

b) Cuprous chloride.

c) Iron(II) sulphate.

d) Mercuric nitrate.

e) Plumbous chloride.

f) Stannous cloride.

g) Mangannic sulphate .

h) Platinic chloride.

i) Mercurous chloride.

j) Iron(III) nitrate.

D3) Give the names of the compounds whose formulas are listed below.

a) HNI₂

b) HCO₃

c) H₂C₂I₄

d) H₃PO₄

e) CH₃COOH

All the above are acids 

f) Al(OH)₃

g) CaSiO₃

h) Na₂ZnO₂

i) K₂CrO₄

j) Mg₃N₂.

E1) A chemical equation is a shorthand form for a chemical change

a) 2KClO₃ ---∆--> 2KCl+ 3O₂

    i) In the above reaction name the reactant and the products.

   ii) State what the arrow in between indicates.

E2) Give reasons for the following :

a) All equations must be balanced.

b) A chemical equation provides useful information about a reaction.

c) All chemical equations have their limitations .

E3) Balance the equation:

a) CuO+ NH₃ ---> Cu+ H₂O+ N₂

b) NH₃ + Cl₂ ----> HCl + NCl₃.

c) Mg₃N₂ + H₂O---> Mg(OH)₂+ NH₃.

d) Pb₃O₄ + HCl ---> PbCl₂ + H₂O + Cl₂.

e) Manganese(IV)+ Hydrochloric ---> Manganese (II)oxide+ Water + Chlorine.

f) Potassium hydroxide + Chlorine ---> Potassium chloride + Potassium hypochlorite +  water.

g) Ammonium dichromate ---> Chromium oxide + Water + Nitrogen.

h) Potassium sulphite + Nitric acid ---> Potassium nitrate + Water + Sulphur dioxide.

i) Iron (III) chloride(ferric chloride)+ Water + Sulphur dioxide--->  Iron (II) chloride + Sulphuric acid+  Hydrochloric acid.

j) Copper + Sulphuric acid ---> Copper sulphate+ Water + Sulphur dioxide.

k) Iron(III) oxide (ferric oxide)+ Carbon monoxide---> Iron + Carbon dioxide.

l) Sodium sulphite + Sulphuric acid --> Sodium sulphate + Water + Sulphur dioxide.

m) Zinc+  Sodium hydroxide---> Sodium zincate+ Hydrogen.

n) Aluminium+ Carbon dioxide ---> Aluminium oxide+ Carbon.

o) Sodium bicarbonate+ Aluminium sulphate ---> Sodium sulphate + Aluminium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide.

p) Calcium hydroxide + Ammonium sulphate ---> Calcium sulphate + Water + Ammonia.

q) Nitric acid + Magnesium carbonate ---> Magnesium nitrate + Water + Carbon dioxide.

r) Iron(III) oxide + Sulphuric acid ---> Iron (III) Sulphate+ Water .

s) Zinc sulphide + Oxygen ----> Zinc oxide + Sulphur dioxide.

t) Carbon + Nitric acid ---> Carbon dioxide+ Water + Nitrogen dioxide.

E4) Match the Columns 

Column - 1

a) A chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds react to form one new compound as a product.

b) A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound decomposes or split up into two or more simpler substances. It is generally brought about by heat.

c) A chemical reaction which takes place when an element (of radical) has replaced another element in a compound.

d) A chemical reaction in which two reactants are both decomposed to form new substances by exchanging their radicals.

e) A chemical reaction which employs a catalyst to alter the rate of a reaction.

f) A chemical reaction in which the product formed react together to form the original reactants depending on the conditions of the reaction.

g) A reaction in which a substance dissociates in two two or more simpler substances on application of heat and is a reversible reaction.

h) A reaction which involves addition of oxygen or electronegative element or removal of hydrogen or electropositive element.

i) A reaction which involves addition of hydrogen or electropositive element or removal of oxygen or electronegative element.

j) A chemical reaction which proceeds with evolution of heat energy.

k) A chemical reaction which proceeds with absorption of heat energy.

l) A chemical reaction which proceeds with absorption of light energy.

Column II 

i) double decomposition

ii) exothermic reaction

iii) reversible reaction 

iv) Displacement reaction 

v) combination or synthesis.

vi) Decomposition reaction 

vii) thermal dissociation 

viii) endothermic reaction 

ix) catalytic reaction

x) Oxidation reaction

xi) photochemical reaction.

xii) reduction reaction.

E5) Name the type of reaction of following :

a) additional of zinc to copper sulphate solution.

b) heat on lead nitrate crystals .

c) preparation of oxygen from Potassium chlorate .

d) Conversion of ferrous chloride to ferric chloride using chlorine.

e) formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

f) liberation of hydrogen at the cathode from acidified water.

g) manufacture of glucose by green plants.

h) formation of nitric oxide from nitrogen and oxygen.

i) Addition of zinc to dilute sulphuric acid.

j) NH₄Cl <=> NH₃ + HCl.

k) 2KNO₃ ∆--> 2KNO₂ + O₂.

l) 2H₂O₂ ---ᴴ³ᴾᴼ⁴---> 2H₂O+ O₂.

m) PbBr₂ ---> Pb²⁺ + 2Br¹⁻ (ions).

n) 2HgO ∆---> 2Hg+ O₂.

o) N₂O₄ ∆<=> 2NO₂

p) AgNO₃ + KCl ---> AgCl + KNO₃.

q) Fe + S ----> FeS.

r) H₂ + Cl₂---(sunlight)___> 2HCl.

s) C + H₂O ---> CO + H₂ - ∆

t) Cl₂ + 2KI ---> 2KCl + I₂.

u) 3Fe + 4H₂O <=∆> Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂.

v) 2Cu + O₂ ---> 2CuO.

w) Fe₂O₃ + 2Al ---> Al₂O₃ + 2Fe.

x) KNO₃ + H₂SO₄ ---> HNO₃ + KHSO₄.

y) 2FeCl₂ + Cl₂ ---> 2FeCl₃.

z) Fe+ H₂SO₄---> FeSO₄ + H₂.

A') SO₂ + Cl₂---> SO₂Cl₂.

B') 3Ca + N₂ ---> Ca₃N₂.

C') CuSO₄ + Fe ---> FeSO₄ + Cu.

D') 4HNO₃ ---> 2H₂O+ 4NO₂ + O₂.

E7) From the following Oxidation reaction, find the reducing agent:

a) Cu+ O₂ ---> 2CuO.

b) H₂S+ Cl₂ ---> S + 2HCl.

c) 2FeCl₂+ Cl₂---> 2FeCl₃.

d) SO₂+ H₂O+ Cl₂---> H₂SO₄ + 2HCl.

e) H₂S + 2FeCl₃---> 2FeCl₂ + 2HCl + S.

f) Zn + H₂SO₄---> ZnSO₄ + H₂.

g) Fe + S --- FeS.

h) 2Mg + SO₂----> 2MgO + S.

i) 2H₂S + SO₂---> 3S + 2H₂O.

j) S + 2H₂SO₄----> 3SO₂ + 2H₂O.

From the following Reduction reaction, find the oxidizing agent.

a) CuO+ H₂---> Cu+ H₂O.

b) Br₂ + H₂S---> 2HBr + S.

c) 2FeCl₃ + H₂S ---> 2FeCl₂ + 2HCl + S.

d) 2HgCl₂ + SnCl₂ ---> Hg₂Cl₂+ SnCl₄.

e) 2FeCl₃ + SO₂ + 2H₂O---> 2FeCl₂+ 2HCl+ H₂SO₄.

f) Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 2H₂O + SO₂ ---> 2FeSO₄ + 2H₂SO₄.

g) Cl₂ + 2H₂O + SO₂ ---> 2HCl + H₂SO₄.

h) 2HNO₃ + SO₂ ---> 2NO₂ + H₂SO₄.

i) 2KMnO₄ + 2H₂O + 5SO₂ ---> 2MnSO₄ + K₂SO₄+ H₂SO₄.

j) K₂Cr₂O₇ + H₂SO₄ + 3SO₂ ---> Cr₂(SO₄)₃+ K₂SO₄ + H₂O.

E8) Name the following:

a) A coloured gaseous oxidising agent.

b) A liquid oxidising agent which on thermal decomposition in presence of a catalyst liberates oxygen.

c) A gaseous reducing agent containing Oxygen.

d) An acid other than nitric and Sulphuric Acid which is an oxidising agent.

e) A gaseous reducing agent neutral in nature other than carbon monoxide.

f) An oxidizing agent which liberates chlorine on heating with concentrating hydrochloric acid.

g) Two neutral gases which react to give a basic gas and the reaction is exothermic.

h) Two neutral gases which react to give a neutral oxide and the reaction is exothermic.

i) A substance which decomposes by absorption of sound energy.

j) Two substances which react explosively on close physical contact.

MIXED BIOLOGY

EXCRETORY SYSTEM 

1) Name the following 

a) Process of control of water content and concentration of ions in the body.

b) The process of removal of toxic wastes from the body of an organism.

c) The organ where urea is produced.

d) The functional unit of kidney.

e) The term used for Bowman's capsule and glomerulus together.

f) The inner concave margin of kidney.

g) The term used for tea, coffee and beverages which increases urine formation.

2)  Mention whether the following statement is true or false:

a) Water is absorbed through active absorption.

b) Right kidney is placed slightly higher than left kidney.

c) Network of capillaries inside the glomerulus is called Bowman's capsule.

d) Concentration of the Sodium, Potassium chloride, bicarbonate are regulated by DCT of Henle's loop.

e) Bowman's capsule is present in the medulla .

f) The sphincter muscles around the urethra act voluntarily.

3) Fill in the blanks to make a meaningful description:

The Bowman's capsule contains a ball of finely divided and interwined____. Which are formed by the repeated branching of the____.  These structures are called____.  The Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus together are called_____ or____.  The blood capillaries bring ____and excess ____from body to the kidneys.

4) Match the Column 

    Column -A      Column-B 

a) Lungs      Excretion of urea, salts and excess water

b) Skin         Excretore liquid wastes such as urine 

c) Kidneys   Excretion of CO₂ and water vapour 

d) Liver        Removing urea, bile pigments and toxins

5)  Define the following :

a) Excretion 

b) Homostasis

c) Afferent arteriole 

d) Efferent arteriole 

e) Glomerulus 

f) Bowman's capsule 

f) Oedema 

g)! Ultrafiltration 

h) Reabsorption 

6) Choose the correct option

A) Which one of the following is not an excretory activity ?

a) removal of carbon dioxide 

b) Removal of faecal matter.

c) Removal of sweat due to perspiration.

d) Removal of urea.

B) Which of the following is formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin?

a) Carbon dioxide  b) Ammonia  c) Bile pigments d) Uric acid 

C) Urine is collected and stored in the:

a) Ureter  b) Kidney c) Urethra d) Urinary bladder 

D) Dialysis machine is a 

a) Real machine b) Artificial machine c) Machine to lead a healthy life d) Machine to obstruct urine flow.

E) Urine contains :

a) Water in nitrogenous substances.

b) Water and ammonia only.

c) Oil and nitrogenous substances

d) All the proteinaceous substances.

F) Active transport moves molecules from blood to the distal convoluted tubule during 

a) Tubular reabsorption 

b) Tabular secretion 

c) Selective reabsorption 

d) Ultrafiltration 

G) Sodium reabsorption occurs in kidney tubules under the influence of 

a) Amount of sodium in the blood.

b) Amount of the sodium in the urine.

c) The hormone renin.

d) ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

H) Osmoregulation is brought about by:

a) Liver  b) Kidney c) Lungs d) Skin

7) Differentiate between the following pairs of terms giving any two striking differences:

a) Bowman's capsule/ Malpighian corpuscle 

b) Excretion/Osmoregulation 

c) Renal cortex/Renal medulla 

d) Urea /Urine

e) Renal capsule/ Renal tubule 

8) What is Henle's loop ?

9) What will happen if one kidneys is damaged ?

10) List the excretory organs in human.

11) Why must all living things excrete?

12) What are the chief excretory products in human ?

13) What is artificial deficient kidney ? How is it useful ?

14) Why does the urine become slightly more concentrated in summer than winter ?

15) How does the liver act as an excretory organ ?

16) What is the uriniferous tubule? How does it function ?

17) Write short notes on :

a) Pulmonary excretion 

b)! Cutaneous excretion by the skin.

18) What is dialysis ? Under what condition it is carried out ?

19) How does skin function as a protective and as an excretory organ?

20) Write the main nitrogenous metabolic wastes created out in mammals?

21) Explain the following:

a) In summer season, less quanty of urine is produced than in winter . Give reason.

b) The elimination of water by the kidney machine may be considered to be both excretion and asmoregulation. Explain .

22) The figure alongside shows the cross section of a kidney:

a) Label the parts on it.

   i) cortex ii) medulla iii) pelvis iv) Ureter v) pyramids vi) papilla 

b) Differentiate between pelvis and papilla.

23) Given below is the ultrastructure of nephron. Label the marked parts:

23) Label the diagram drawn below. What is the diagram representing ?

24)Draw a neat and simple diagram of a human kidney and label its important parts.

25) Draw the excretory system of human and label all its part. Also indicate the inflowing and outflowing blood vessels by labelling them correctly.

26) Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow :

a) Name the region in the kidney where the above structure is present.

b) Name the parts labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4.

c) Name the stages involved in the formation of urine.

d) What is the technical terms given the process occurring in 2 and 3 ? Briefly describe the process.

GENETICS 

1) Name the following:

a) The person known as 'Father of Genetics'.

b) Another name of Bleeder's disease.

c) The latest branch of Genetic engineering.

d) physical expression of a trait.

e) Genetic make-up of the organism.

f) Unit of inheritance.

2) Write whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F):

a) De Vries, Correus and others independently rediscovered Mendel's work.

b) Genetic counseling is mostly done with old aged people.

c) Thalassaemia is the example of communicable disease.

d) An offspring is always the exact copy of its parent.

e) Heredity and variation both are necessary for evolution.

f) Mendel observed ten traits in pea plants .

3) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

a) Heredity is the transmission of _____ from one generation to another.

b) ______ is the scientific name of common pea plant.

c) Pea plant produce a large number of _______ .

d) Pea plants can ____pollinate or _____pollinate.

e) Pea plants have a very____ life cycle.

4) Match the Columns 

Column - A.             Column -B

a) The allele that express itself  i) first filial generation

b) F₁ generation  ii) monohybrid cross

c) cross with only one pair of character iii) X-linked disease

d) law of segregation  iv) dominant allele

e) Colour blindness v) purity of gametes

5) Define the following terms:

a) Heredity 

b) Haemophilia 

c) Mutation 

d) Phenotype 

e) Genotype 

f) Crossing over 

g) Variation 

6) What do you know about genetic engineering and genetic counselling ?

7) Write in brief on "Mendelian Genetics ".

8) What are the reasons behind selection of Pea plants by Mendel ?

9) How are heredity and variation related to evolution ?

10) Give the importance of mendel's laws .

11) Give difference between genotype and phenotype.

12) What is sex-linked inheritance ?

13) Describe the law of segregation with an example.

14) Give a cross to show inheritance of colour blindness.

15) Write a short note on:

a) sex-linked genes.

b) sex-linked genes.

16) With a suitable crosses explain

a) haemophilia and 

b) colour blindness as the X-linked inheritance.

17) What is mutation ? How is it caused ?

18) a) State mendel's Law of dominance.

b) A pure tall plant(TT) is crossed with a pure dwarf plant(tt).

 Draw Punnett squares to show 

i) F₁ generation 

ii) F₂ generation. 

c) Give the phenotype of the F₂ generation.

d) Give the phenotype and genotype ratio of F₁ and F₂ generation.

e) Name any one X-linked disease found in humans.

ABSORPTION BY ROOTS 

1) Name the following:

a) The conducting vessels through which water goes up.

b) Flow of water from the cell to the outer environment.

c) Shrinkage of protoplasm when a cell is kept in salt solution.

d) Coming out of water sap from the injured part of the plant.

e) Pressure through which water enters root hairs.

f) The process in which water absorption need metabolic energy.

g) Movement of molecules of substances from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.

h) The condition of a cell placed in hypertonic solution.

i) The tissue concerned with upward conduction of water in plants.

2) Mention weather the following statements are true or false:

a) Loss of cell sap through hydathodes from margin of leaves is called transpiration.

b) Cell wall acts as a permeable membrane .

c) Diffusion regulates the opening and closing of stomata.

d) Transpiration pull is essential to conduct water in trees.

e) When cell is placed in a solution of lower concentration then outside, water diffuses out of the cell .

3) Complete the following statements:

a) The root hair is a____

b) Root cap acts as______

c) The plasma membrane of root hair is _____.

d) The apparatus used to demonstrate osmosis is called____.

e) Due to turgidity, guard cells become more____ outside.

4) Choose the most appropriate answer :

A) Transport of water in stem takes place through:

a) Phloem  b) xylem c) cortex d) epidermis 

B) Transport of a substance against the concentration gradient in a cell by using energy is:

a) Osmosis b) Diffusion c) passive transport d) active transport

C) Pressure exerted by cell contents and the cell wall is called :

a) wall pressure b) Turgor pressure c) suction pressure d) Root pressure

D) Loss of water drops through leaves in plants is called :

a) Exosmosis b) Diffusion c) Guttation d) Turgor movement 

E) Dropping of the leaves of touch-me-not plant is due to:

a) change in turgor pressure

b) Guttation c) imbibition d) plasmolysis

5) Differentiate between 

a) osmosis and plasmolysis

b) diffusion and Osmosis 

c) exosmosis and endosmosis 

6) Explain why :

a) The body of a marine fish often bursts when placed under tap water.

b) The uprooted plant dies.

c) Root hair becomes flaccid when too much chemical fertilizers are added to the moist soil around it.

d) The grapes shrink when kept in honey.

7) What is transpiration ? How is it useful to plants ?

8) How are the desert plants adapted to check excessive transpiration ?

9) How is the root hair adopted for the absorption of water from the soil ?

10) What roles do 

i) cell wall 

ii) cytoplasm,

 play in the uptake of water from the root hair ?

11) What would happen to the root hair of a potted plant if the soil was watered with a very concentrated solution of sodium chloride ?

12) Name three conditions under which stomata close.

13) Explain the following terms:

a) Turgidity 

b) Root pressure 

c) Capillary 

d) Transpiration pull

14) How does Osmosis affect:

a) A green plant.

b) Amoeba 

15) What are stomata ? state two functions of stomata.

16) Explain two manifestations of root pressure.

17) What is the difference between flaccid and targid cell ? Explain the significance of turgidity.

18) Name one chemical substance which is transported from the roots to the shoot and one which is transported from the leaves to the lower parts of the plant.

19) Suggest one simple experiment to show that water absorbed by the roots of a plant travels upward through the conducting tissues of the stem.

20) What is meant by diffusion ?

21) Explain how absorption takes place by means of the root hair. Name any three substances absorbed.

22) Draw a diagram of a root hair.

23) The figure shows a diagram representing the relationship between turgor pressure and wall pressure.

a) Label the guidelines.

b) Define turgor pressure and wall pressure.

24) The diagram alongside shows an experiment in which the phloem tissues of a plant were removed and the xylem was left intact.

a) What would happen to the leaves above the cut portion of the stem ?

b) What was the purpose of the removal of phloem tissue ?

c) What would happen to the leaves if the xylem was removed instead of phloem ?

25) The diagrams given below represents the result of an experiment conducted on two freshly taken leafy shoots of a herbaceous plant. The lower ends of the shoots are dipped in ordinary water.

a) what is aim of the experiment ?

b) Some parts of the stem in both the shoots have been removed. Name the conducting tissue in shoot A and in shoot B that has been removed.

c) what are the expected result ps from that experiment ?

26) A large sized potato was peeled and cut to make the base flat. A cavity was created in the potato by scoopping a portion out from the centre as shown in the figure. The cavity was filled with sugar solution and the potato was kept in water. The initial level of solution was noted by inserting a pin as shown in the figure. Leave the set up for two three hours. Study the setup and answer the questions that follow:

a) What is the aim of the experiment ?

b) What changes would you observe after w-3 hours?

c) Give reasons for the changes taking place.

d) Name the underlying process.

e) Mention two ways in which the process is significant of plants.

f) what would happen if wayer was replaced by highly concentrated solution ?

g) How can you relate the change taking place in the potato to the absorption of water by root hairs ?

27) Given alongside is the diagram of a set-up to study a very important psychological process:

a) Name the process being studied .

b) Explain the process.

c) What change would you observe in the thistle funnel containing sugar solution after about 30 minutes.

d) Is sugar solution hypertonic or hypotonic ?

e) Name the part of the plant cell which is represented by the sugar solution.

f) Explain why much salt is added to pickles.

28) The diagram below represents a layer of epidermal cells showing a fully grown root hair. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

a) Name the parts labelled A,B,C, D

b) The root hair cells is in a turgid state. Name and explain the process that caused this state.

c) Mention one distinct difference between the parts labelled A and B.

TRANSPIRATION 

1) Name the following :

a) The structure through which most of the transpiration takes place.

b) The evaporation of water from the aerial parts of the plant.

c) Chemical substances which are used to reduce the rate of transpiration.

d) The plant having sunken stomata.

e) The apparatus used to measure transpiration .

f) The time when stomata are closed generally.

g) The pores which are surrounded by two kidney-shaped guard cells and concerned with gaseous exchange.

2) Mention whether the following statements are true or false:

a) Gaseous exchange occurs in all body cells.

b) Transpiration reduces temperature of the plant.

c) Transpiration is reduced if the air outside is humid.

d) Moist Cobalt chloride paper is red in colour.

e) Transpiration is a psychological process.

f) More transpiration occurs from the upper surface of the leaves.

g) If the outside temperature is higher, there is less evaporation .

3) Complete the following statements:

a) Potometer is an instrument for measuring the rate of _____.

b) Transpiration is highest during______.

c) Most transpiration in a herbaceous plant like balsam occurs through____.

d) Closing of stomata and shedding of leaves reduce _____.

e) 90% of the total water is lost through_____.

4) What is transpiration ? How is transpiration vital to the life of a plant ?

5) Describe the functions of stomata and transpiration.

6) What is the function of the cuticle in transpiration ?

7) How does suction of cell sap occur in the process of transpiration?

8) What is the importance of suction due to transpiration in the life of a plant?

9) What are the conditions which affect transpiration?

10) State how each condition affects the rate of transpiration.

11) Differentiate between transpiration and Guttation 

12) How will you demonstrate that 

a) Water vapours are given off during transpiration.

b) Transpiration occurs at different rates from the two sides of a leaf.

13) What is lenticular transpiration? Mention one major difference between stomatal transpiration and lacticular transpiration ?

14) Explain scientifically why forests are getting more frequent rains.

15) Why are the stomata found more numerous on the lower surface of the leaf ?

16) What is wilting ? Some plants show wilting during daytime even though the soil is well watered . Why is it so ?

17) Blowing wind can be useful to the plants in many ways. Mention any three such uses giving suitable examples wherever possible.

18) Plant leaves contain stomata and human skin contains sweat pores.  Mention any two difference in their functioning.

19) The figure shows Ganong's Pitometer.

a) What is the purpose of this instrument?

b) What are the three major factors that accelerate the transpiration ?

c) Mention any three provisions by which the plants tend to reduce transpiration ?

20) The following diagram demonstrates the process of transpiration in plants.

a) What do the arrows indicate which are shown on the sides of the leaves ?

b) What does the arrow indicates which is showy along the tube ?

c) How is transpiration different from evaporation?

d) Give two advantages of transpiration to the plant.

21) The figure alongside represents an experiment to demonstrate certain phenomena in plants.

a) What is the aim of the experiment ?

b) Define the process mentioned.

c) What do you observe in the experiment as an evidence of the process ?

22) Given below is the diagram of an experimental set up to study the process of transpiration in plants. Study the same in the answer the question that follow:

a) What is the colour of the dry Cobalt chloride paper ?

b) Is the experimental leaf a monocot or a dicot ? Give a reason to support your answer.

c) Why are glass slides placed over the dry Cobalt chloride papers ?

d) After about an hour what change, if any, would you expect to find in the cobal chloride paper placed on the dorsal and ventral side of the leaf ? Give a reason to support your answer.

23) study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow :

a) Name the process being studied in the above experiment.

b) Explain the process mentioned in (a) above.

c) Why is soil placed over water ? 

d) What do we observe with regard to the level of water when this set up is placed in  i) bright sunlight  ii) humid condition iii) windy day ?

e)  Mention any three adaptations found in plants to overcome the process mentioned in  (a).

CELL DIVISION 

NAME THE FOLLOWING the process by which two or more data sensor produced from a single mother cell the first gap a growth face of cell cycle a simple process of cell division occurring and prokaryotic cells like bacteria the process by which reproductive since divide another name of somatic cell division the process of divisional nucleus the process of division of cytoplasm stage when the cell plate begins with the centre and the most toward the cell wall cell division daughters and produced by mitosis have the same number of chromosome as the motherson all sexually reproducing organisms undergo Amy to see plastids and the endosplasmic reticulum disappear during process of mitosis division of santro near takes place during metaphrase body sales of a man and woman have 23 chromosomes chromjam sarphalt discovered by the Walter framing in 1980 to 200 represent haploloid number of chromosomes lowest number of chromosomes can be found in housefly both the DNA in the RNA are polymers of nucleotides fill in the blanks with appropriate wordsactual configuration of DNA is which look some what like a spiral staircase the largest chromosome is and it is found in bundle of microtechuse fibres radiating from which pole during cell division is known as is an increase in size or mass or developing up living organisms column meiosis dipetament insect polythene chromosomes and war body in active chromosome chromosomes dictionary division choose the most appropriate answer the main difference between a dividing animals in the plant cell lising professor the number of chromosome what shall be there number what is the proper sequence in mitosis talch for face in my talking and a page yellow pagement of phase in professor Facebook define the following mitosis Neo sees centronis crossing over chia cinematta hetrochromatin can you type idiot Ram kahino through give five difference between mitosis in the neosis what is cytokininsis name the different stages of cell cycle what is enterprise name the type of character cytokinesis in a plant cell what is the gene how does meiosis created variation in a population what is DNA double helix explain the change occur in a Cell during the faces of cell division if the number of chromosome in a Cell draw the same sale in do I need labelled diagram of profession and a prestigious in an animal cell with the help of mid sketches so how sky to kindness is required in a client cell from an analysal the diagram below represent stage during cell division study the same in the answer question that follows parts level 1 2 and 3 identify the work stage and give a reason to support your answer what does in the body this type of cell decreasing upward name the states prior to the stage and draw diagram to represent the same write the correct situation of the current stages of cell cycle name the four nitrogenous base that formed DNA molecules give the full form of DNA name the unit mention two points and difference is given alongside the diagram represent stage during mitotic cell division in an animal cellidentify they work please give the reason to support your answer name the parts level 1 2 3 and 4 what is the function of part 3 name the stages that just before after the stage show me the diagram draw a well labelled diagram on the stage