TRANSPORT OF FOOD AND MINERAL

A) Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct alternative out of those given within brackets:

1) Just below the route cap, lies region of ____. (Meristem/root hair/cell enlargement)

2) The root hair is _____.(a cell/a cilium/an extension of cell)

3) The root cap acts as a ____ . (conductive tissue/ protective tissue mechanical tissue)

4) Approximate 98% of the water is absorbed through____. (plasmolysis/active absorption/ passive absorption)

5) The plasmalemma of root hair is ______. (permeable/ impermeable/ semipermeable)

B) Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative out of those given within brackets:

1) The water rises in the stem through ______.(phloem/ xylem)

2) The solution which has the same concentration of dissolved particles as inside the cell is called ____.(hypotonic/ isotonic)

3) In tall trees, the ascent of sap takes place by____. (Turgor pressure/transpiration pull)

4) Absorption of water by the roots is by means of ____(root hairs/stem)

5) The movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to that of lower concentration is termed____.(osmosis/diffusion)

7) The pressure by which the cortical cells of the root force water into the xylem is called ___. (Turgor pressure/root pressure)

8) ____ is the state of a cell in which the cell wall is rigid and streched by the increase in volume of vacuoles by absorption of water.(Flaccidity/ turgidity)

9) The diffusion of particles of ___ across the semipermeable membrane is known as Osmosis. (solvent/solute)

C) Fill in the blanks with suitable words given in the list:

( opposite ,Osmosis, selective permeable, energy, higher, semipermeable membrane, diffusion,shrink, water, ascent of sap, cohesion theory, turgor movements, Osmosis, semi permeable)

1) Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a ___membrane.

2) Osmosis and diffusion are the same except that in Osmosis there is a ____.

3) The upward movement of water along with mineral salts dissolved in it is called___.

4) The movement of liquid through a selectively permeable membrane is termed as____.

5) Absorption of water in plants takes place through the roots by the process of _____.

6) Active transport is in a direction____ to that of diffusion.

7) The plasma membrane is___.

8) The most acceptable theory of ascent of SAP is ____.

8) ____ is the medium of transport of a mineral in plants.

9) Active absorption requires___ for absorption.

10) The concentration of cytoplasm or Cell SAP is___ in a plasmolysed Cell than in the turgid cell.

11) When a cell placed in a more concentrated solution, the cell content will___.

12) The bonding movements of certain flowers towards the sun and the sleep movements of certain plants at nights are examples of____.

13) The process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly within the space they occupy is termed _____.

D) Observe the relationship between the first two pairs and then fill in the suitable word at fourth place.

1) Hypotonic : Endosmosis : : Hypertonic : _____.

E) Given below is an example of a particular structure and its special functional activity. e.g., Glomerulus and Ultrafiltration.

 On a similar pattern complete the following:::

 Phloem and _______

F) NAME THE FOLLOWING 

1) The upward movement of water and Minerals from Roots to leaves and other parts of a plant.

2) The fully expanded condition of cell with its cell wall in a state of tension due to accumulation of water.

3) Pressure through which water can rise up to some feet.

      OR

What is responsible for guttation

4) The process in which water absorption needs metabolic energy.

5) 

7) A solution whose concentration is lower than that of the cell sap.

8) A solution whose concentration is equal to that of the cell sap.

9) The tissue which conducts manufactured food from leaves to the other parts of a plant.

10) The term given to the osmosis in which water from living cells diffuses out.

OR

The process which makes the tissue flaccid.

11) The tissue responsible for the ascent of sap.

OR

Tissue concerned with upward movement of water in plants.

OR

A structure that transports water from the soil to other parts of the plant.

12) Flow of water from outside and environment into the cell.

14) The process by which raisins swell up when placed in a beaker of water.

OR

 Marine fish when it thrown under tap water bursts because of:

15) The process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly within the space they occupy.

OR

 The process of mixing of two different substances/molecules.

16) The inward movement of solvent molecules through the plasma membrane of a cell.

OR

 Process by which water enter root hair.

17) The space between the cell wall and plasma membrane in a plasmolysed cell is filled with.

OR

 A solution whose concentration is greater than that of the cell is filled with.

OR

A solution whose concentration is greater than that of the cell sap.

18) Condition of cell placed in a hypotonic solution.

19) The pressure exerted by cell contents on a plant cell wall.

20) The pressure which is responsible for the movement of water molecules across the cortical cells of the root.

G) SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1) Name four psychological processes associated with water absorption.

2) Mention the various physical forces involved in the absorption of water and minerals.

3) What is and Endosmosis ?

4) What is Exosmosis?

5) How is root hair structurally adapted for absorption of water ?

6) what is meant by ascent of sap?

7) What do you mean by osmotic pressure ?

8) How does a living cell behave in hypotonic and isotonic solutions?

9) Name three factors which determine the absorption of water.

10) state whether active absorption is osmotic or non-osmotic ?

11) Under what osmotic conditions, water does not enter into a cell?

12) what will happen to a plant cell if it is kept in a hypotonic salt solution for about 30 minutes?

13) what is flaccid condition of a cell ?

14) Name one chemical substance which is transported from roots to the shoot and one which is transported from the leaves to the lower parts of the plant.

15) Give an example of osmosis occuring in the human body and a green leaf.

16) State whether the following statements are true or false. rewrite the false statement by changing the first or the last word.

a) Cells that have lost their water content are said to be deplasmolysed.

b) xylem is the water conducting tissue in plants .

17) Given below is a set of five terms. without changing the first term, rearrange the remaining four, so as to be un logical sequence as per the direction given in bracket. 

 Soil water, xylem, cortex, endodermis, root hair (conduction of water)

18) Given below is an incomplete explanation of certain biological process/term where a key word has been left out. Rewrite the completed explanation by inserting the key word in the space indicated by ∆

*Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from its region of high concentration to its reagion of low concentration through a ∆ membrane.

19) The following paragraph is related to absorption of water from the soil. Copy and complete the following paragraph by selecting the correct word from those given in the box. You may use the term only once.

 - (Exosmosis, hypertonic, osmosis, isotonic ,hypotonic, cortical, Endosmosis)

 *Water enters the root hair from the soil by the process of___. This is because the solution in the soil is ____whereas the cell sap in the root hair cell is____ The water then passes through the___ cells by cell to cell___ and reaches the xylem of the root.

20) The leaves of a well watered potted plants were found wilted during a hot sunny day 

a) suggest two reasons which could have caused the wilting of the leaves.

b) Would the cells of the leaves in the wilted state be flaccid or turgid?

c) explain briefly the meaning of the term inside in your answer to above 

d) what advantages would the plant have derived from wilting ?

e) what explanation would you suggest if the wilted leaves did not recover even during the night?

21) Select the correct answer out of the four available choices given under each question :

a) The path of water and soluters from the soil to the conducting tissue of the root is :

I) soil -->root hair -->cortex -->Endosmosis --> pericycle--> protoxylem--> phloem 

ii) soil -->root hair --> cortex --> pericycle--> endodermis--> protoxylem--> metaxylem.

iii) soil -->epidermal cell of the root--> cortex---> endodermis --> pericycle--> protoxylem --> metaxylem---secondary xylem.

iv) soil -->root hair--> cortex-- endodermis --> pericycle-->protoxylem -->metaxylem.

b) water will be absorbed by root hairs when :

I) concentration of salt in the soil is high

ii) concentration of solutes in the cell SAP is high.

iii) the plant is rapidly respiring.

iv) They are separated from the soil by a semipermeable membrane.

c) which of the following statement is wrong ?

I) plant absorbs only one thing at a time --water or inorganic salts

ii) water and inorganic salts are taken in simultaneously by root hairs

iii) plants take in small quantity of mineral salts through root hairs.

iv) Roots are one of the main absorbing organs of the plant.

d) Root cap has no role in absorption because it has:

I) no direct connection with vascular system

ii) loosely arranged cells 

iii) no cells containing chloroplast

iv) no root hairs

e) xylem transport water in tall trees appears to be mainly due to: 

I) metabolic activity in xylem cells

ii) root pressure 

iii) capillary rise in xylem open pipes

iv) transpiration pull and Cohesion of water molecules.

f) water available to the plant is:

I) run off water 

ii) gravitational water

iii) hygroscopic water 

iv) capillary water.

g) root pressure is maximum when :

I) transpiration is high and absorption is very low.

ii) transpiration is very low and absorption is very high

iii) absorption is very high and transpiration is also very high.

iv) absorption is low and transportation is also very low.

h) In plants water supply is due to:

I) Osmosis 

ii) imbibition

iii) Guttation

iv) cohesive force

H) REASON BEHIND::

1) Give biological reason, why marine fish burst when thrown under top water .

4) Can osmosis be regarded as diffusion ? Give reason.

5) if you Sprinkle some common salt on grass growing in a lawn, it is killed at that spot. Suggest a possible reason for it,

6) If you uproot a plant from the soil its leaves why?

7) why the grass in your lawn becomes greener if you add a little fertilizer to it , but it dies if you add a lot of it.

8) explain how the soaked seeds swell up and burst their seed coats.

9) Fresh water fish cannot survive in sea water .

10) A closed can of dried seeds burst open if some water enters it by accident .

11) why the raisins swell up in water

12) We gargle with saline water in case of throat infection.

13) the leaves wilted lettuce, if kept in the cold water, become crisp.

14) bacteria and fungi do not grow in pickles, jams, jellies and squashes, etc.

I) DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN:

1) Osmosis/Diffusion

Daily Biology (IX)

1) A cell can be defined as (tick mark the most appropriate answer from the following):-

a) cell is the structural unit of living beings.

b) cell is the functional unit of living beings.

c) Cell is the structural and functional unit of all living beings.

2) state whether the following statements are true or false:

a) the cell membrane is the living part of the cell.

b) The cell wall is formed of cellulose is nonliving.

c) endoplasmic reticulum is a network of single membrane.

d) Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.

e) Golgi bodies are the store houses of energy.

f) Lysosomes are also called as the sucidal bags of the cell.

g) The energy currency of the cell is D. N. A.

3) Enlist seven living parts found in the cytoplasm of the cell.

4) Choose appropriate words from the list given below to suitably match the statements under the column A. Write the word in the appropriate space provided under Column B.

( ribosome, lysosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, Golgi body, Centrosome)

COLUMN A COLUMN B

a) produce chemical energy.

b) sites of protein synthesis.

c) secrets various substances.

d) destroy for in substances.

e) contains geans.

f) most of the chemical reactions in the cell take place here.

g) Outer covering of the cell, which is semipermeable.

h) structure made up of two centrioles.

5) Name the structures which perform the following functions inside the plant cell.

  Function Structure

a) trap sunlight for photosynthesis.

b) provide colour to the petals.

c) It has genes which are carried from parent to the offspring.

d) this is made up of cellulose.

6) Complete the blank space in the table given below.

part of the cell function

a) ____ assists cell division and is found only in animal cells.

b) Nucleus _______

c) ribosome ______

d) ________. filled will cell sa,p found mostly in plant cells.

e) Ce wall ______

7) State the functions of the following organelles found in the cells..

Organelle Functions

a) Centriole

b) Chloroplast

c) Lysosome

d) Mitochondria

e) Golgi body

f) Chromosome

8) Differentiate between the following structure found in cells.

a) chromosome and centrosome.

b) ribosome and endosplasmic reticulum.

c) nucleus and nucleolus

d) endosplasmic reticulum and vacuole 

e) cytoplasm and Protoplasm.

f) cell wall and cell membrane.

9) state whether the following statements are true or false:

a) cytoplasm is the part of the cell found between the nucleus and cell membrane.

b) all cells have a cell wall.

c) chromosomes are structures found in cytoplasm.

d) Ribosomes are 'sites' in a Cell where fat is synthesized.

e) centrosomes participate in cell division.

Daily Biology (VIII)

1) A cell can be defined as (tick mark the most appropriate answer from the following):-

a) cell is the structural unit of living beings.

b) cell is the functional unit of living beings.

c) Cell is the structural and functional unit of all living beings.

2) state whether the following statements are true or false:

a) the cell membrane is the living part of the cell.

b) The cell wall is formed of cellulose is nonliving.

c) endoplasmic reticulum is a network of single membrane.

d) Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.

e) Golgi bodies are the store houses of energy.

f) Lysosomes are also called as the sucidal bags of the cell.

g) The energy currency of the cell is D. N. A.

3) Enlist seven living parts found in the cytoplasm of the cell.

4) Choose appropriate words from the list given below to suitably match the statements under the column A. Write the word in the appropriate space provided under Column B.

( ribosome, lysosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, Golgi body, Centrosome)

COLUMN A                   COLUMN B

a) produce chemical energy.

b) sites of protein synthesis.

c) secrets various substances.

d) destroy for in substances.

e) contains geans.

f) most of the chemical reactions in the cell take place here.

g) Outer covering of the cell, which is semipermeable.

h) structure made up of two centrioles.

5) Name the structures which perform the following functions inside the plant cell.

  Function                       Structure

a) trap sunlight for photosynthesis.

b) provide colour to the petals.

c) It has genes which are carried from parent to the offspring.

d) this is made up of cellulose.

6) Complete the blank space in the table given below.

part of the cell                    function

a) ____                  assists cell division and is found only in animal cells.

b) Nucleus                        _______

c) ribosome                      ______

d) ________.                 filled will cell sa,p found mostly in plant cells.

e) Ce wall                          ______

7) State the functions of the following organelles found in the cells..

Organelle                          Functions

a) Centriole

b) Chloroplast

c) Lysosome

d) Mitochondria

e) Golgi body

f) Chromosome

8) Differentiate between the following structure found in cells.

a) chromosome and centrosome.

b) ribosome and endosplasmic reticulum.

c) nucleus and nucleolus

d) endosplasmic reticulum and vacuole 

e) cytoplasm and Protoplasm.

f) cell wall and cell membrane.

9) state whether the following statements are true or false:

a) cytoplasm is the part of the cell found between the nucleus and cell membrane.

b) all cells have a cell wall.

c) chromosomes are structures found in cytoplasm.

d) Ribosomes are 'sites' in a Cell where fat is synthesized.

e) centrosomes participate in cell division.

CHEMICAL REACTION

A. A symbol represents a short form of a  element.

a) In most cases the first letter of an element was taken as the symbol for that element. Give two examples of the same.

b) In certain cases the first letter along with its small letter from its name were used as the symbols. Give two examples of the same.

c) In some cases the symbols were derived from their Latin names. Name two metals whose symbols are derived from the same.

d) Sulphur is represented by the symbol 'S'. State how the symbol represents the elements 

(i) qualitative (i.e., representation in terms of an atom) 

(ii) quantitatively(i.e., representation in terms of weight).

B. Give reasons for the following:

a) In hydrogen chloride the valency of the element chlorine is considered as one.

b) Certain metals exhibit more than one valency hence showing ' variable valency'.

C. Valency

1. State the valency and name the ion or radical in each of the following cases given below (The first example is completed for you)

Electrovalent positive ions or radicals

Symbol/Valency             Name

a) K¹⁺                        Potassium

b) Na

c) H

d) NH₄

e) Ca

f) Mg

g) Zn

h) Ba

i) Ni

j) Co

k) Al

l) Cr

Variable valencies

a) Cu ¹⁺ 

b) Cu

c) Hg¹⁺ 

d) Hg

e) Fe²⁺ 

f) Fe

g) Mn²⁺ 

h) Mn

i) Pb²⁺ 

j) Pb

k) Pt²⁺ 

l) Pt²⁺ 

Electrovalent ion or radicals

Symbol/Valency            Name

a) Cl¹⁻                         Chloride

b) ClO₃ 

c) ClO

d) Br

e) I

f) OH

g) NO₂ 

h) NO₃ 

i) HCO₃ 

j) HSO₃ 

k) HSI₄ 

l) AlO₂ 

m) MnO₄ 

n) SO₃ 

o) SO₄ 

p) S

q) CO₃ 

r) O

s) CrO₄ 

t) Cr₂O₇ 

u) ZnO₂ 

v) PbO₂ 

w) PO₄ 

x) N

y) C

2. State the valency of each of the elements in the respective compounds in the table given below.

                                                Valency

a) Sulphur in 

        i) sulphur dioxide.

       ii) sulphur trioxide.

b) Nitrogen in 

       i) nitrogen monoxide.

      ii) Nitrogen dioxide.

      iii) dinitrogen oxide.

      iv) diniitrogen pentoxide.

c) Copper in

       i) cupric oxide.

      ii) cuprous oxide.

D. Writing a Formula

1. Complete the table given below (the first example has been completed for you)

a)Cr³⁺+SO₄²⁻ -> Cr₂(SO₄)₃     Chromium sulphate

b) Mg + Cl -->  ______             ______

c) Na+ ClO₃--> ______           ______

d) K+ ZnO₂ --> ______            ______

e) Ca+ PO₄-->  ______            ______

f) NH₄ + SO₄--> ______           ______

g) Na+ HSO₃--> ______           _____

h) Al+ S-->         _____             _____

i) Zn+ So₄-->     ______.          ______

j) Mg+ O-->       ______            ______

2. Give the formulas of the following compounds compounds whose metallic radical exhibits variable valency.

Compound                        Formula

a) Cupric nitrate.

b) Cuprous chloride.

c) Iron(II) sulphate.

d) Mercuric nitrate.

e) Plumbus chloride.

f) Stannous chloride.

g) Mangannic sulphate.

h) Platinic chloride.

i) Mercurous chloride.

j) Iron(III) nitrate.

3. Give the names of the compounds whose formulas are  listed below.

Formula     Name of the compounds 

a) HNO₂

b) HCO₃

c) H₂C₂O₄

d) H₃PO₄

e) CH₃COOH

f) Al(OH)₃

g) CaSiO₃

h) Na₂ZnO₂

i) K₂CrO₄

j) Mg₃N₂

E-F: Chemical Equation-- Chemical Reactions

A chemical equation is a shorthand form for a chemical change

a) 2KClO₃  ∆      2KCl+ 3O₂

 i) In the above reaction name the reactant and the products.

ii) State what the Arrow in between indicates.

2. Give reasons for the following:

a) All equations must be balanced.

b) A chemical equation provides useful information about a reaction.

c) All chemical equations have their limitations.

3. Balance the equation.

a) CuO + NH₃--> Cu+ H₂O+ N₂ 

b) NH₃+ Cl₂ --> HCl+ NCl₃

c) Mg₃N₂ + H₂O--> Mg(OH)₂+ NH₃

d) Pb₃O₄ + HCl --> PbCl₂+ H₂O+ Cl₂

e) Manganese (IV)+ Hydrochloric--> Manganese (II)+ Water+ Chlorine.

f) Potassium hydroxide+ Chlorine--> Potassium chloride + Potassium hypochlorite+ water.

g) Ammonia dichromate --> Chromium oxide+ Water+ Nitrogen

h) Potassium sulphite+ Nitric acid --> Potassium nitrate+ Water+ Sulphur dioxide.

i) Iron(III) chloride+ water+ sulphur dioxide --> iron(II) chloride+ sulphuric acid + Hydrochloric acid.

j) Copper+ Sulphuric acid--> Copper sulphate+ water+ Sulphur dioxide.

k) Iron(III) oxide+ carbon monoxide--> Iron+ carbon dioxide

l) Sodium sulphite+ sulphuric acid--> sodium sulphate+ water+ sulphur dioxide.

m) Zinc+ Sodium hydroxide --> sodium zincate + hydrogen.

n) Aluminium+ Carbon dioxide--> Aluminium oxide+ carbon.

o) Sodium bicarbonate+ Aluminium sulphate--> sodium sulphate+ aluminium hydroxide+ carbon dioxide.

p) calcium hydroxide+ Ammonium sulphate---> calcium sulphate+ water+ ammonia.

q) Nitric acid+ magnesium carbonate--> magnesium nitrate+ water+ carbon dioxide

r) Iron(III) oxide+ sulphuric acid--> Iron(III) sulphate + water.

s) Zinc sulphide+ oxygen --> Zinc oxide+ sulphur dioxide.

t) Carbon+ nitric acid --> carbon dioxide+ water+ Nitrogen dioxide.

5. Match the different types of chemical reactions in column II with the meaning of the type of reactions in column I

COLUMN I

a) A chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds react to form one new compound as a product.

b) A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound composes or splits up into two or more simpler substances. It is generally brought about by heat.

c) A chemical reaction which takes place when an element (or radical) has replaced another element in a compound.

d) A chemical reaction in which two reactants are both the decomposed to form new substances by exchanging their radicals.

e) A chemical reaction which employs a catalyst to alter the rate of reaction.

f) A chemical reaction in which the products formed react together to form the original reactants depending on the conditions of the reaction.

g) A reaction in which a substance dissociates into two or more simpler substances on application of heat and is a reversible reaction.

h) A reaction which involves addition of oxygen or electronegative elements or removal of hydrogen or electropositive element.

i) A reaction which involves addition of hydrogen or electropositive element or removal of oxygen or electronegative element.

j) a chemical reaction which proceeds with evolution of heat energy.

k) A chemical reaction which proceeds with absorption of heat  energy.

l) A chemical reaction which proceeds with absorption of light energy.

COLUMN II

1)  double decomposition

2) exothermic reaction

3)  reversible reaction

4)  displacement reaction

5) combination or synthesis

6) Decomposition reaction 

7) thermal dissociation

8) endothermic reaction

9) catalytic reaction

10) oxidation reaction

11) photochemical reaction

12) reduction reaction

6. State the type of reaction/s to which each of the following belong.

a) addition of zync to copper sulphate solution.

b) heat on a lead nitrate crystals.

c) preparation of oxygen from Potassium Chlorate

d) conversion of ferrous chloride to ferric chloride using chlorine.

e) formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

f)  Liberation of hydrogen at the cathode from acidified water.

g) manufacture of glucose by green plants.

h) Formation of nitric oxide from Nitrogen and oxygen.

i) addition of zinc to dilute sulphuric acid.

j) NH₄Cl <=> NH₃ + HCl.

k) 2KNO₃  ∆ --> 2KNO₂ + O₂.

l) PbBr ₂ --> Pb²⁺ + 2Br¹⁻ (ions)

m) 2HgO ∆--> 2Hg + O₂ 

n) N₂O₄ ∆ <=> 2NO₂ 

o) AgNO₃ + KCl --> AgCl+ KNO₃ 

p) Fe + S --> FeS

q) H₂ + Cl₂ sunlight--> 2HCl

r) C+ H₂O --> CO+ H -  ∆

s) Cl₂ + 2KI --> 2KCl + I₂

t) 3Fe+ 4H₂O  ∆--> Fe₃O₄ + 4H₂ 

u) 2Cu + O₂ --> 2CuO

v) Fe₂O₃ + 2Al --> Al₂O₃+ 2Fe

w) KNO₃ + H₂SO₄--> HNO₃ + KHSO₄

x) 2FeCl₂ + Cl₂ --> 2FeCl₃ 

y) Fe+ H₂SO₄ --> FeSO₄ + H₂ 

z) SO₂ + Cl₂ --> SO₂Cl₂ 

a') 3Ca + N₂ --> Ca₃N₂ 

b') CuSO₄ + Fe --> FeSO₄ + Cu

c') 4HNO₃ --> 2H₂O + 4NO₂ + O₂

7. Oxidation and reduction reactions are generally termed as redox reactions. In the examples given below underline the oxidised product or reduced product in the respective reactions. The underline substances is the oxidising or reducing agent respectively.

Oxidation Reaction      

1) Cu+ O₂ --> 2CuO

2) H₂S + Cl₂ --> S + 2HCl

3) 2FeCl + Cl₂   --> 2FeCl₃ 

4) SO₂ + H₂O + Cl₂ -> H₂SO₄ + 2HCl

5) H₂S + 2FeCl₃ --> 2FeCl₂+ 2HCl + S

6) Zn+ H₂SO₄ --> ZnSO₄ + H₂

7) Fe + S  --> FeS

8) 2Mg + SO₂ --> 2MgO + S

9) 2H₂S + SO₂ + 3S + 2H₂O

10) S + 2H₄SO₄ --> 3SO₂ + 2H₂O.

Reduction reactions

1) CuO+ H₂ --> Cu+ H₂O

2) Br₂ + H₂S --> 2HBr + S

3) 2FeCl₃ + H₂S --> 2FeCl₂ +2HCl+ S

4) 2HgCl₂ + SnCl₂ --> Hg₂Cl₂ + SnCl₄

5) 2FeCl₃ + SO₂ + 2H₂O --> 2FeCl₂ + 2HCl + H₂SO₄

6) Fe₂(SO₄)₃+ 2H₂O + SO₂ --> 2FeSO₄ + 2H₂SO₄

7) Cl₂ + 2H₂O + SO₂ --> 2HCl + H₂SO₄ 

8) 2HNO₃ + SO₂ --> 2NO₂ + H₂SO₄ 

9) 2kMnO₄ + 2H₂O + 5SO₂ --> 2MnSO₄ + K₂SO₄ + 2H₂SO₄ 

10) K₂Cr₂O₇+ H₂SO₄ + 3SO₂ --> Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + K₂SO₄ + H₂O.

8) Name the following:

a) A coloured gaseous oxidising agent.

b) A liquid oxidizing agent which on thermal decomposition in presence of a catalyst liberates oxygen.

c) A gaseous reducing agent containing oxygen.

d) An acid other than nitric and  Sulphuric Acid which is an oxidising agent.

e) A gaseous reducing agent neutral in nature other than carbon monoxide.

f) An oxidizing agent which liberates chlorine on heating with concentric hydrochloric acid.

g) Two neutral gases which react to give a basic gas and the reaction is exothermic.

h) Two neutral gases which react to give a neutral oxide and the reaction is exothermic.

i) A substance which decomposes by absorption of sound energy.

j) Two substances which react explosively on close physical contact.

FORCE (VIII)

1) Define:

A) Force

B) Linear momentum

C) Newton

D) Dyne

2) S. I unit of

A) momentum

B) Force 

3) C. G. S of

A) force 

4) Fill in the blanks:

A) 1 kgf = ___N

B) ___gf = 980 dynes

C) Force produces an acceleration on the____ direction as the force.

D) The S. I unit of momentum is___.

E) Force= Rate of change of ____.

F) One newton = _____ dyne.

G) momentum= mass x _____

H) One kgf= ____dyne

5) State True and False:

A) The momentum of a body depends on its mass and the velocity.

B) The momentum of a body is the product of the mass of the body and acceleration.

C) It is difficult to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball moving with the same speed.

6) Very Short Answer Type Questions:

A) Is a force needed to keep a body moving with uniform velocity?

B) What is the relation between S. I and C. G. S. units of force?

C) Write an expression for the momentum of a body.

D) Is momentum a scalar or a vector quantity?

E) What is the relation between kilogramme force and newton?

F) Name the physical quantity whose unit is Newton.

G) On what factors does the momentum of a body depend ?

H) What name is given to the product of mass and velocity of a body ?

I) A force is applied on

 i) a non-rigid object

 ii) a rigid object.

How does the effect of the force differ in both cases ?

J) Derive a relation between S. I and C. G. S units of force.

7) Tick the correct answer:

A) A force:

 a) cannot start or stop the motion of a body.

 b) can change the speed or direction of motion or both of a moving body.

 c) cannot bring a change in dimensions of a body.

 d)  none.

B) The S. I unit of momentum is:

 a) dyne

b) Newton

c) kg ms⁻¹

d) cm s⁻²

8) The following reading were taken in an experiment with a density bottle:

• Weight of empty density bottle= 26.7 gf

• Weight of density bottle filled with copper sulphate solution=82.95 gf

• Weight of density bottle filled with water= 79.42 gf

Use the above readings to calculate the relative density (R. D) of the copper sulphate solution to 3 decimal places. State the density of the copper sulphate solution in g/cm³ and kg/m³.

9) The following reading were taken in an experiment to find the density of petrol, using a density bottle:

• Weight of empty density bottle= 34.6 gf

• Weight of density bottle filled with water = 54.6 gf

• Weight of density bottle filled with petrol = 50.6 gf

Use the above readings to calculate the relative density (R. D) of petrol in g/cm³ and kg/m³. State the relative density of petrol as obtained by this experiment.

10) A piece of glass weighs 50 gf in air, 30 gf when fully immersed in water, and 32.6 gf when fully immersed in turpentine. Calculate

A) the volume of the glass.

B) the density of the glass.

C) the density of the turpentine.

11) Explain why submarine are able to drive under water as well as sail on the surface of water.

12) What is the difference between the density and the relative density of an object?

13) A feather and a stone of the same mass fall at different rates in air. Which falls faster and why?

14) a) Define the term 'density of a substance'

b) State the S. I unit of density

c) What is the C. G. S unit of density.

d) How is the state above related to the S. I unit of density.

15) Complete the following sentences:

a) Mass= volume x ______

b) Density in kg/m³= _____ x density in g/cm³.

16) State whether True/False:

a) The density of all the substances increases with increase in temperature.

b) Mercury is lighter than water.

17) Give one example each, of a force that:

a) pushes

b) pulls

c) stretches

d) squeezes

18) Is force a scalar or a vector quantity?

19) State the effect of force in each of the following cases:

a) A spring is stretched by a load.

b) A small piece of silver sheet is hammered to make thin fouls. 

c) A ball lying on the ground is kicked.

d) A fielder catches a cricket ball.

e) A cyclist applies more force on the pedal.

f) Brakes are applied to a moving vehicle.

g) A batsman hits a ball.

19)a) State two effects of a force applied to a non-rigid object.

b) Give one example for each of the effects stated above.

Daily Physics (X)

Machine -1

1) To use the machine as a force multiplier, What type (class) of lever should be preferably be used ? draw a sketch of such a lever.

2) A pair of scissors and a pair of pliers belong to the same class of levers.

A) which one has a mechanical advantage less than 1 ?

B) state to usefulness of such a machine whose mechanical advantage is less than 1.

3) what is the mechanical advantage of liver of third order always less than one? give one example of this class of liver.

4) With the help of a simple diagram, show that mechanical advantages of a single fixed Pulley is 1 and that of a single movable pulley is 2.

5) What is meant by the term machine ? does it to do more work then input ?

6) Name for simple machines.

7)  Define mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a machine . How are these related to each other.

8)  How can lever of first order be distinguished from second or third order ?

9) which class of levers has a mechanical advantage always less than one. Explain briefly with a diagram why their mechanical advantage is less than one.

10) A crow bar of length 150 cm has its fulcrum at a distance of 25 cm from the load. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the crow bar.

11) A machine is driven by a100 kg mass that falls 8.0 m in 4.0s. It  lifts a load of mass 500 kg vertically upwards.

A) what is the force in Newton, exerted by the falling mass?

B) what is the work done by 100 kg mass falling through 8.0 m.

C) what is the power input to the machine?

D) If efficiency of the machine is 75%(or 0.75), what is the power output of the machine?

E)  what is the work done by the machine (in 4.0 s).

12) Define efficiency, mechanical advantage and velocity ratio for a machine. How are they related to each other?

13) How do you distinguish a lever of the first order from a second order or third order?

14) The mechanical advantage of the lever of the second class is always more than 1 and that of the third kind is always less than. Explain.

15) A machine raises a load of 1000 N through a height of 1m in 10s. Calculate its power.

16) a(Draw a labelled diagram of a block and tackle pulley system with mechanical advantage.

b)  In above case find the distance moved by effort of load rises vertically by 10m.

c) If load is 5 kg and effort is 20N,  calculate the efficiency. (g= 10m/s²)

d) State two methods by which efficiency can be increased.

e) why efficiency is likely to be different for much smaller loads?

17) a) A machine is driven by a 100 kg mass falling at the rate of 8m in 4s. It lifts a load of 500 kgf. Calculate the power input of the machine.

b) If the efficiency is 75%, to what height the load is lifted in 4s ?

18) A crow -bar of length 120cm has its fulcrum 20cm from the load. it is used to raise a load of 150 N. Calculate

A) velocity ratio.

B) effort required.

C) what type of lever is it?

19)  What class of lever is the wheel barrow? Give one more example of this class of lever

20) What is block and tackle ? Explain what is its mechanical advantage and velocity ratio?

21) Define and explain:

A) effort

B) load

C) mechanical advantage

D) velocity ratio

E) efficiency as applied to a simple machine. Give their relations

22) What type of levers are the following:

A) fishing rod

B) Scissors

C) Oar of a boat

D) sugar tongs

23) A crow -bar of length 120cm has its fulcrum situated at a distance of 20cm from the load. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the crow -bar. If load is 90N, how much is needed?

24) a) Does the weight of the single fixed pulley reduce its mechanical advantage?

b) how can a single pulley be used to reduce the force required to raise the load ?

25) Draw the diagram of pulley block and tackle and hence calculate its M. A and V. R

Daily Revision (Biology)(X)

12/6/22

Genetics

1) Explain with the help of a chart what will be the colour of a child's hair if father has got dominant gene for black hair and mother has got recessive gene for brown hair.

2) What is Genetic engineering ? Write it's importance for mankind.

3) Write short notes on the following:

a) genetic counselling.

b) Genetics.

c) law of inheritance.

d) Genes.

e) identical twins.

f) law of dominance.

g) law of segregation.

h) law of independent assortment.

i) Variation

j) 

4) What is the number of sex chromosomes in human being ?

5) What is the chemical composition of Genes ?

6) Justify the statement "the sex of the child depend on its father".

7) Mention if the following statements are true or false :

a) Somatic cells of female have XY pair of sex Chromosome.

b) Genes are functional unit of chromosome.

c) Any gene that produces an effect in the heterozygous condition is called dominant.

d) the male gametes in human beings are only one type.

e) Genetics and heredity are one and the same thing.

8) Distinguish between the following pairs:

a) Homozygous/heterozygous.

b) dominant and recessive genes.

c) phenotype and genotype.

d) heredity and genetics.

9) Draw a Pedigree chart for one generation taking free ear lobe in female and attached ear lobe in male. state if four children are born (2 sons and 2 daughters) how many will be with free ear lobes and how many with attached ear lobes, if free ear lobe is the dominant character ?

1) Homologous chromosomes

2) sex of a child depends upon father. Explain.

3) Define pedigree chart.

In peas tallness is dominant over dwarfness. What will be the nature of the progeny when Hybrid tall plant is cross bred with a hybrid tall ?

4) A mala child would be born to parents if:

 a) Father is healthier than mother.

 b) Genetical chromosomal constitution of child is XX.

 c) Genetical chromosomal constitution of child is XY.

 d) Mother feeds well during pregnancy.

5) If two opposite alleles come together one finding morphology expression masking the other, the fact is described as law of

 a) Inheritance b) dominance

c) limiting factors

 d) segregating

6) Name which is act as bearer of hereditary units.

7) State Mendel's law of dominance.

8) what is a dihybrid ratio.

9) define phenotype.

10) what are autosomes.

11) Name the genetic constitution of an organism.

12) Define alleles.

13/5/22

Eye

1) Where does the far point of a normal eye lie? Where does it lie in a person suffering from myopia.

2) Draw a ray diagram to show how the defect of Myopia can be remedied by using suitable lens.

3) a) Which is the most sensitive part of the retina.

b) Which is the most insensitive part of the retina?

c) Why is choroid coated black

d) what is the function of ciliary muscles

4) What are far-point and near-point of the eye? At what distance they are situated for normal eye? How they effected for a short-sighted person?

5) Draw outline ray diagram to show the formation of images through an eye in the following cases:

A) from a distant object for a short-sighted person

B) from the normal point of distinct vision for a long-sighted person.

6) a) A student sitting at the back of a class, finds difficulty in reading the black board. However, he can read his book comfortably. From what defect of vision is he suffering? What is the cause of this effect?

b) What spectacle lens should the student use to correct this defect?

c) what type of lenses are used in the spectacle worn by old people for reading?

d) which part of the eye-ball helps in the power of accomodation and how?

7) a)Draw the course of rays through myopic eye. Give reasons for the cause of myopia.

b) how is the defect of short-sightedness removed?

8) Draw an outline diagram of the human eye and name it's different parts which contribute to the faulty of sight. Give their functions. What is most and least sensitive.

9) A person can see clearly on the television screen but can not read a newspaper easily.

A) name the defect with which he is suffering

B) what is the cause of the above defect

C) name the lens which corrects the above defect

D) draw the course of rays connecting the defect.

10) What makes the eye-lens to adjust its focal length.

MACHINE (Numerical)

1) A Machine is 60% efficient and has a velocity ratio 4. Find its:

A) mechanical advantage.       2 5

B) effort required if load lifted is 1000 kgf.                         416.67 kgf

2) A boy lifts a load of 400N through a vertical height of 5m in 10s by a fixed pulley by applying an effort of 480 N at the other end. Find:

A) velocity ratio.                           1

B) mechanical advantage.      0.833

C) efficiency.                        83.3%

D) energy gained by the load.    2000J

E) power developed by the boy.   240 watt

F) what is the justification in using the pulley ?                          To change the direction of the force applied in a convenient direction.

3) A handle of a nutcracker 16cm long and a nut is placed 2cm from its hinge. if a force of 4 kgf is applied at the end of handle to crack nut, what weight if simply placed on nut will crack it?        32 kgf

4)  Find the length of a power arm(effort) of a lever required to raise a load of 20p kgf kept at a distance of 1m from the fulcrum. If the power applied is 20 kgf, also calculate its M. A.     19m, 10

5) A lever in the form of a bar is 1 m long. A load is suspended from one end of the bar. The falcrum is 30 cm from the centre of gravity of the bar which is at the centre of the bar. The effort is applied at the other end. Find the velocity ratio. why the lever formed by is not 100% efficient?       4, 0.25, For a 100% efficient machine, the mechanical advantage is numerically equal to the velocity ratio. Here, in this case, the mechanical advantage is less than the velocity ratio, Hence, the bar is not 100% efficient.

6) Calculate the:

a) velocity ratio.                  6

b) mechanical advantage.          5

c)  percentage efficiency.    83.33%

 of a machine which overcomes a resistance of 800N through a distance of 0.12m, when an effort of 160N acts through a distance of 0.72m.    

7) An effort of 500N is applied through 0.5 m on a machine, whose efficiency is 90%, such that resistance is overcome through 0.04m. Calculate

A)  velocity ratio.                 12.5

B) mechanical advantage.      11.25

C) resistance overcome by the machine.            5625 N,

8) A crow bar of length 2.0 is used as a machine, to lift a box of 100 kgf by placing a fulcrum at a distance of 0.1m from the box. Calculate

A) velocity ratio.                       10

B) effort required.             5.26 kgf

What assumption has been made to you in solving the problem?                     Assumption: No effort is wasted in overcoming friction.

9) A uniform plank of sea-saw is 5m long and supported at its centre. A boy weighing 40 kg sits at a distance of 1.5 m from one end of see-saw. Where must a girl weighing 25 kg sit on the other end of the sea-saw, so as to balance the boy?               0.9 m

10) A pulley system has a velocity ratio 3 and an efficiency 80%.  Calculate the mechanical advantage of the system and the value of the effort required to raise a load of 300 N.      2.4,125N

11) A fixed Pulley is driven by a 100 kg mass falling at a rate of 8.0m in 4.0s. It lifts a load of 500 kgf. Calculate the power input to the pulley taking the force of gravity on 1 kg as 10N. If the efficiency of the pulley is 75%, find the height to which the load is raised in 4.0s.    1500W, 1.2m

12) An effort of 240N overcome a useful load of 1000 B when applied on a block and tackle system of pulleys, such that weight of movable block and friction is 200N. Calculate the:

A) Mechanical advantage.       4.16

B) velocity ratio.                            5

C) total number of pulleys in the system.             5

D) efficiency of the system.    83.2%

13) A crow -bar 4m long has its fulcrum 50cm from one end. What minimum effort is required to displace a weight of 500 kgf ? Calculate the M. A. of the crow-bar.      71.43 kgf, 7

14) A pulley system has five pulleys in all and is 90% efficient. Calculate the:

A) mechanical advantage.    4.5

B) effort required to lift a load of 1000 N.              222.2N

C) resistance due to movable parts of machine and friction.    111.1N

15) A pulley system can lift a load of 1200 N by an effort of 250 N. If the resistance due to weight of movable parts and friction is 300N, calculate the:

A) mechanical advantage.      4.8

B) velocity ratio.                   6

C) total number of pulleys in the system.                 6

D) efficiency of the system.    80%

16) In a block in tackle system, a load of 7.5 kgf is raised with an effort of 2.5 kgf. If there are three pulleys in the system, find M.A, V.R and efficiency.        3, 3, 100%

17) A block and tackle system has 5 pulleys. If its efficiency is 60%, find the pull required to lift a load of 600 kgf.            200 kgf

18) A block and tackle system has a velocity ratio 3. A man can exert a pull of 200 kgf. What is the maximum load be can raise with this pulley system it its efficiency is 60%.                     360 kgf

19) A cook uses a 'fire tong' of length 28cm to lift a piece of burning coal of mass 250g. If he applies his effort at distance of 7 cm from the fulcrum, what is the effort in S. I. unit ? (g= 10 m/s).     10

20) A woman draws water from a well using a fixed pully. The mass of the bucket and water together is 6.0 kg. The force applied by the woman is 70 N. Calculate the mechanical advantage.(g=10 m/s).   0.86

MATTER

MATTER 

A) All material in the universe is made up of matter. In terms of 

i) space 

ii) mass

iii) weight 

iv) perceiveance by senses,

State the characteristics to show that the piece of 'wood' is considered as matter.

B) MATCH THE COLUMN 

Column - I 

1) Have a definite mass and volume but no definite shape.

2) Are not rigid at all, can flow and take up the shape and volume of the container in which they are stored.

3) Are almost in compressible.

4) Have a definite mass but no definite volume or shape 

5) Have low density and are highly compressible.

6) Have any number of free surfaces.

7) Have one upper surface .

8) Have no free surfaces.

9) Are very slightly compressible.

10) Have a definite mass, volume and shape.

Column - II 

A) Solids

B) Liquids

C) Gases.

C) MATCH THE COLUMN 

Column - I 

1) All matter in any state is composed of

2) The particles are arranged in an way such that they have existing between them.

3) The particles attract each other with a 

4) The inter-particle attractive forces, with increasing distance

5) The particles are in continuous motion in possess 

6) The particles interact and also possess

Column - II 

A) potential energy 

B) force 

C) spaces or gaps 

D) particles 

E) kinetic energy 

F) decreases 

D) Name the state of matter whose characteristic correlates on the basis of the kinetic theory (Solid.Liquid/Gas).

Characteristics on the basis of kinetic theory 

1)  Kinetic energy of molecules is least.

2) Inetermolecular spaces is maximum.

3) Inetermolecular force of attraction is negligible.

4) Particles closely packed and can vibrate about their mean positions only.

5) Particles show minimum compactness and are free to move in any direction.

6) Kinetic energy of molecules is very large.

7) Particles less compact, and molecules free to move within the particular states of matter, without leaving It, hence the particular state can flow and has a definite volume.

8) intermolecular force of attraction is maximum and intermolecular space is minimum.

E) The diagram given below represents interconversation of states of matter from 

a) solid to liquid state 

b) liquid to gaseous state 

c) solid to gaseous state.

a) Correlate the terms in column II with their meaning in column I .

COLUMN I

process of changes from

1) solid state to liquid state at a particular temperature.

2) Liquid state to solid state at a particular temperature.

3) liquid state to gaseous state.

4) gaseous state to liquid state without fall in temperature.

5) solid state directly to gaseous (vapour state) without changing into liquid state:

COLUMN II 

A) solidification 

B) melting 

C) Vaporization 

D) Sublimation 

E) Condensation 

b) Complete the blanks in the diagram given below with the terms representing interconversation states of matter i.e., terms A to E in column II above.

2)  Differentiate between the following terms.

a) Gaseous state and vapour state.

b) Sublimate and sublime.

c) Liquid and Fluid 

d) Matter and substance.

e) Fusion and vaporization.

3) Complete the statements pertaining to the interconversation of matter on the basis of kinetic theory by selecting the correct or appropriate word in each case.

a) Interconversion from solid to liquid state.

On heating a solid (at its melting point) the heat energy is absorbed/evolved and stored/transmitted as potential/kinetic energy. The inter-molecular distance increases /decreases and the intermolecular force of attraction decreases/increases. The molecules thus become comparatively free and the solid starts changing into the liquid state.

b) interconversion from liquid to gaseous state.

On heating a liquid (at its boiling point) the heat energy is evolved/absorbed and stored/transmitted as potential/kinetic energy. The energy increases/decreases the intermolecular distance and the force of attraction increases/ decreases drastically till it becomes almost zero/ negligible. The molecules thus become almost free and escape as gas or vapour .

c) Interconversion from gaseous to liquid state .

On liquification i.e., cooling a gas the Kinetic/potential energy is released in the form of heat/light energy. The  released energy causes a decrease/increase in the intermolecular distance and the force of attraction between the particles or molecules increases/decreases. The molecules thus come very close/ move apart and the gaseous state changes into the liquid state.

d)  Interconversion from solid to gaseous state

Sublimable solids e.g., iodine have very low/very high force of attraction between their molecules and have high/low potential energy stored in their molecules. On heating a sublimable solid, the intermolecular force of attraction is overcome almost completely/ to a small extent and the molecules escape from the surface of the solid in the form of vapour.

1) Define matter? State its important characteristics.

2) With reference to

A) density

B) rigidity

C) mass

D) volumes

E) shape

Differentiate solids from liquids

3) On the basis of kinetic theory explain why

A) solid have a fixed mass, volume and shape

B) liquids can flow easily

C) gases are highly compressible

D) solids have high density

E) gases have no free surface

4) What is meant by the term ' interconversion of matter'.

5) Define:

A) melting point

B) freezing

C) sublimation

D) liquefaction

E) vaporization

F) freezing point

G) boing point

6) On the basis of kinetic theory explain the following conversion of the states of matter:

A) solid to liquid (melting)

B) gas to liquid (liquefaction)

C) solid to gas (sublimation)

D) liquid to gas(vaporization)

E) liquid to solid(solidification)

7) Differentiate between

A) melting and freezing

B) Gas and vapour

C) boiling and evaporation