VALENCY CHART
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ELECTROVALENT POSITIVE IONS/ RADICALS
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VALENCY1- Monovalent elements
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* Potassium K¹⁺
* Sodium Na¹⁺
* Lithium Li¹⁺
* Hydrogen H¹⁺
* Ammonium NH₄¹⁺
• Variable valencies
* Cuprous. [Copper (I) ] Cu¹⁺
* Argentous [Silver (I) ] Ag¹⁺
* Mercurous [Mercury (I)] Hg¹⁺
* Aurous [ Gold(I)] Au¹⁺
VALENCY 2 - Divalent elements
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* Calcium Ca²⁺
* Magnesium Mg²⁺
* Zinc Zn²⁺
* Barium Ba²⁺
* Nickel Ni²⁺
* Cobalt Co²⁺
* Uranium U²⁺
• Variable valencies
*Cupric [ Copper (II)] Cu²⁺
* Argentinc [Silver(II)] Ag²⁺
* Mercuric [Mercury (II)] Hg²⁺
* Ferrous [Iron(II)] Fe²⁺
* Plumbous [Lead(II)] Pb²⁺
* Stannous [Tin(II)] Sn²⁺
* Platinous [Platinum (II)] Pt²⁺
* Mangannous
[Manganese (II)] Mn²⁺
VALENCY 3 - Trivalent elements
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* Aluminum Al³⁺
* Chromium Cr³⁺
• Variable valencies
* Ferric [Iron (III)] Fe³⁺
* Auric [Gold (III)] Au³⁺
VALENCY 4- Tetravalent elements
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• Variable valencies
* Plumbic [Lead(IV)] Pb⁴⁺
* Stannic [Tin(IV)] Sn⁴⁺
* Platonic [Platinum (IV)] Pt⁴⁺
* Mangannic
[Manganese (IV)] Mn⁴⁺
ELECTRO NEGATIVE ION/RADICALS
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VALENCY1- Monovalent elements
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* Chloride Cl¹⁻
* Chlorate ClO₃¹⁻
* Hypochlorite ClO¹⁻
* Bromide Br¹⁻
* Iodide I¹⁻
* Hydroxide OH¹⁻
* Nitrite NO₂¹⁻
* Nitrate NO₃¹⁻
* Hydrogen [bi] carbonate HCO₃¹⁻
* Hydrogen [bi] Sulphite HSO₃¹⁻
* Hydrogen [bi] sulphate HSO₄¹⁻
* Aluminate AlO₂¹⁻
* Permanganate MnO₄¹⁻
VALENCY 2- Divalent elements
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* Sulphite SO₃²⁻
* Sulphate SO₄²⁻
* Sulphide S²⁻
* Carbonate CO₃²⁻
* Oxide O²⁻
* Chromate CrO₄²⁻
* Dichromate Cr₂O₇²⁻
* Peroxide O₂²⁻
* Silicate SiO₃²⁻
* Zincate ZnO₂²⁻
* Plumbite PbO₂²⁻
VALENCY 3- Trivalent elements
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* Phosphate PO₄³⁻
* Nitride N³⁻
* Phosphate PO₃³⁻
VALENCY 4- Tetravalent elements
* Carbide C⁴⁻
Compound formed from elements with variable valency
Element. Valency Compund
* Copper. • Cuprous 1
Copper(I) oxide Cu₂O
Cupric 2
Copper(II) oxide CuO
* Iron. • Ferrous 2
Iron(II) oxide FeO
• Ferric 3
Iron(III) oxide Fe₂O₃
* Mercury • Mercurous 1
Mercury(I) oxide Hg₂O
• Mercuric 2
Mercury(II) oxide HgO
WRITING THE FORMULA OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
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STEP I: Write the symbol- of the positive atom or radical on the left side and the symbol of the negative atom or radical on the right side. As
1) Na Cl 2) CA SO₃
3) Cr SO₄ 4) Ca HSO₃
STEP II: Write the valency number on the symbol- of each atom/radical on its top right side.
1) Na¹⁺ Cl¹⁻ 2) CA²⁺ SO²⁻
3) Cr³⁺ SO₄²⁻ 4) Ca²⁺ HSO₃¹⁻
STEP III: Interchange the valency number- of each atom or radical and shift it to the lower right side of the atom or radical. In case the valency number of both the atoms or radicals is the same i.e., above 'one' divide by the higher common factor to get a simple ratio. Ignore the (+) and (-) sign on each symbol. If the valency number of radical in the compound is above two of then enclose the radical in a bracket with the number on the right of the bracket at the bottom.
₁ ₁ ₂ ₂
1) Na Cl 2) CA SO₃
¹ ¹ ² ²
₃ ₂ ₂ ₁
3) Cr SO₄ 4) Ca HSO₃
² ³ ¹ ²
STEP IV: Write down the formula of the compound- on interchanging if valency number is 'one' the figure 'one' is never written.
1) NaCl 2) CaSO₃
3) Cr₂(SO₄)₃ 4) Ca(HSO₃)₂
RULES IN NAMING CERTAIN CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
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Compound containing
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1. A metal and a nonmetal.
RULE
• Metal is written first
• Nonmetal given a suffix - ide
EXAMPLE:
Compound containing potassium and iodine.
Potassium + Iodine
⁽ᵐᵉᵗᵃˡ⁾ ⁽ⁿᵒⁿᵐᵉᵗᵃˡ⁾
Formula : Potassium iodide.
Compound containing
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2) Two nonmetals only.
RULE
• Nonmetals written side by side.
• Nonmetal given a prefix - mono, di, tri, etc. denoting the no. of atoms.
EXAMPLE:
Oxides of nitrogen
Dinitrogen oxide- N₂O +1
Nitrogen monoxide- NO +2
Dinitrogen trioxide- N₂O₃ +3
Nitrogen dioxide- NO₂ +4
Dinitrogenpentoxide- N₂O₅ +5
⁽⁺¹ᵗᵒ ⁺⁵ ᵈᵉⁿᵒᵗᵉˢ ᵒˣⁱᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ⁿᵒ· ᵒᶠ ⁿⁱᵗʳᵒᵍᵉⁿ⁾
Compound containing
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3. Two elements and oxygen.
RULE
• Two elements written side by side. Oxygen written after it.
• Oxygen is named with suffix
⁻ ᵃᵗᵉ ⁽ᵒⁿᵉ ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵐᵒʳᵉ ᵒˣʸᵍᵉⁿ⁾
⁻ ⁱᵗᵉ ⁽ᵗʰᵉ ᵒⁿᵉ ʷⁱᵗʰ ˡᵉˢˢ ᵒˣʸᵍᵉⁿ⁾
EXAMPLE:
Potassium chlorate - KClO₃
Potassium Chloride - KClO₂
[Elements also given prefix -hypo or -per depending on oxygen content]
Potassium hypo-chlorite - KClO
Potassium per-chlorate - KClO₄
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