PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE

1) Substances pocess characteristics called properties by which they can be distinguished or identified. From the list of properties given below state which are physical and which are chemical.

a) Thermal conductivity.

b) liquification temperature.

c) Solidification point.

d) Action with indicators.

e) Reaction with dilute acid.

2) Listed below are certain characteristics of physical and chemical changes, identify the correct characteristics for the respective change.

a) loses its identity.

b) changes in form and state.

c) undergoes no change in its fundamental nature .

d) retains its identity.

e) undergoes a temporary change.

f) undergoing the change, changes in mass.

g) evolves or absorbs energy during the change.

h) undergoes change in certain physical properties only.

i) reverts back to original on removal of the change.

j) neither adds nor removes matter from itself.

k) forms at least one new product.

l) releases energy, which is required for completion of the change on reversal of the change.

3) In terms of the factors given below differentiate a physical change from a chemical change occuring in a substance.

a) composition 

b) energy 

c) mass 

4) State whether the following are physical or chemical changes.

a) vaporization.

b) sublimation.

c) liquification 

d) fermentation 

e) dehydration

f) Putrefaction

g) Rain cycle

h) Carbon cycle.

i) Nitrogen cycle.

j) on magnetization.

k) on rusting.

l) an addition to Copper sulphate solution.

m) burning of a candle.

n) melting of paraffin wax.

o) ripening of a fruit.

p) drying fruit.

q) drying paint.

r) drying of white wash.

s) dissolution of copper sulphate in water .

t) dissolution of carbon dioxide in water.

u) dissolution of iron in dilute HCl

v) passage of current through an electric bulb.

w) passage of current through acidified water.

x) passage of current through copper metal.

z) digestion of food.

a') respiration animals.

b') heat on camphor.

c') heat on Potassium chloride.

d') souring of milk.

e') boiling of milk .

5) Give reasons for the following changes. The reasons should include characteristics such as composition, nature of its change, energy changes or changes in mass of the substance if any.

a) Addition of sodium chloride to water is considered a physical change , while addition of sodium to water a chemical.

b) magnetization of iron is deemed a physical change while addiction of iron to silver nitrate solution and rusting of iron are deemed chemical changes .

c) Heating a platinum wire in a non-luminous flame prior to performance of the flame test is considered a physical change, but heating an iron wire in a bunsen burner is a chemical change.

d) Action of heat on ammonium chloride results in formation of a basic gas and an acidic gas while action of heat on ammonium nitrite result in formation of steam and nitrogen, even then the former is deemed a physical change while the latter a chemical.

e) Heating zinc oxide in a hard glass test tube is a physical change but heating red lead in a test tube or burning of carbon in oxygen or air is deemed a chemical change.

f) Dissolution of sugar in water is physical change while burning of paper is a chemical change.

g) magnetization of iron is a physical change while rusting of iron is a chemical change.

h) Addition of zinc to dilute hydrochloric acid is a chemical change.

i) Change of State of matter is a physical change.

j) Burning and respiration are considered as chemical changes.

k) Photosynthesis is considered a photochemical reaction.

l) Energy released during respiration and burning differ.

6) Differentiation between physical and chemical properties. Classify the following properties as physical or chemical properties.

a) Solubility 

b) odour

c) indicator test

d) electrical conductivity

e) dissolution in water

7) Select as Physical/changes

a) Ripening of a fruit

b) curdling of milk

c) melting of wax

d) the carbon cycle

e) separation of two liquids by distillation

f) melting of butter

g) formation of rain

h) boiling of liquid air

i) Composition of the molecules of the substance is altered.

j) change takes place in colour and solubility of substance only.

k) Energy required for completion of the change is released on reversing the change.

l) Matter undergoes changes, but the total mass is unaltered.

m) Change takes place in form or state only.

n) Oxidation of food substance in body cells.

o) Sublimation of iodine

p) Clotting of blood

q) Heat on zinc carbonate

r) Burning of magnesium.

1) Give an example of an endothermic and exothermic reaction.

2) State in each case if the reaction represents oxidation or reduction:

A) Fe⁺⁺ --> Fe⁺⁺⁺ 

B) Cl⁻ ---> Cl

C) Cu⁺⁺ --> Cu

D) Ag ---> Ag⁺

E) H ---> H ⁺ 

F) Al --> Al⁺⁺⁺

G) Na --> Na⁺

3) Reaction can be classified as: Direct combination, decomposition, simple displacement, double decomposition, Redox reactions, State which of the following types, takes place in the reactions given below:

A) Cl₂ + 2KI ---> 2Kl + I₂ 

B) 2Mg + O₂ ---> MgO

C) SO₂+2H₂O+Cl₂-->2HCl +H₂SO₄

D) AgNO₃ + HCl--> AgCl+ HNO₃ 

E) 4HNO₃ --> 4NO₂ + 2H₂O + O₂ 

                   ∆

F) CaCO₃ ----> CaO+ CO₂ 

G) Cl₂ + 2KBr --> 2KCl + Br₂ 

                  MnO₂

H) 2H₂O₂ ----------> 2H₂O+ O₂

I) NH₄Cl <=> NH₃ + HCl

J) KNO₃+ H₂SO₄ ---> HNO₃ +KHSO₄

K) CuO+ H₂ ---> Cu + H₂O

7) Give an example each of the following conditions required for a chemical change.

A) closed contact

B) heat

C) light

D) electricity

E) pressure

F) catalyst

 

8) Name the oxidising agent, reducing agent and the oxidised product in the following:

A) H₂S+2FeCl₃--->2FeCl₂+2HCl+ S

B) H₂S + Cl₂ ---> 2HCl + S

C) 2Cu + O₂ ---> 2CuO

D) H₂S + 2HNO₃ --> 2H₂O+2NO₂ + S

D) 2H₂S + SO₂ ---> 2H₂O + 3S

E) 4HCl+ O₂ ---> 2H₂O + 2Cl₂

9) State the conditions or factors from List 2 which is needed to initiate the chemical change in List 1.

List 1)

A) Formation of lead(II) oxide & oxygen from trilead tetroxide.

2) Formation of a precipitation from AgNO₃ soln. and dil. HCl.

3) Formation of oxygen from potassium Chlorate.

4) Conversion of nitrogen to ammonia using hydrogen.

5) Photosynthesis

List .2

1) light

2) pressure

3) heat

4) catalyst

5) contact

6) sound

10) Match the chemical reactions represented from 1 to 5 with their type from A to J.

1) AB --> A+ B

2) A+ BC --> B + AC

3) AB + XY --> AY + XB

4) AB <=> A + B

5) X - 2 e⁻ ---> X²⁺

A) Synthesis B) Decomposition

C) Oxidation C) Double decomposition D) Catalyst

F) Thermal dissociation

G) Reduction H) Displacement

I) Thermal decomposition

J) Redox

11) Give an example of each of the following energy changes exhibited in a chemical change.

1) An exothermic and an endothermic reaction involving nitrogen as one of the reaction.

2) An exothermic and an endothermic reaction involving Carbon as one of the reactants.

3) A photochemical reaction involving hydrogen as one of the reactants.

4) An electrochemical reaction involving water as the reactant.

5) A photochemical reaction involving a silver salt.

GENETICS

                        

A) DEFINE: 

a) Genetics,

b) Heredity.

c) Law of dominance.

d) Law of segregation.

e) Law of independent assortment.

f) Dominant character.

g) Recessive character.

h) Allele

i) Homozygous.

j) Heterozygous.

k) Phenotype.

l) Genotype.

m) Chromosome.

n) Genes.

o) Monohybrid cross.

p) Dihybrid cross.

q) Linkage.

r) Mutation.

s) Variation.

t) Autosomes

u) Dihybrid ratio

v) Homologous chromosomes

B) Fill the blanks:

a) An organism with two copies of the same allele is____. (homologous for the allele/heterozygous for that trait/homozygous for that trait)

b) _____is a heritable change in the structure and composition of gene or in the number of chromosomes. (Variation/mutation/gene)

c) A women receives her X-chromosome from ______. (her mother only/her father only/both her mother and father)

d) Upon_____the diploid condition of chromosomes is restored. (Fertilization/mixing of gametes/crossing over)

e) Each gene of a pair of genes controlling a character is ____to the other.(an allele/a factor/a partner)

f) Human egg cells have___Y chromosomes. (One/two/no)

g) ____genes only exert their effect when there are two copies of it in a single individual. (Dominant/recessive/co-dominant)

h) ___ is considered the father of genetics.

i) Chromosome carry genetic information in section called_____.

j) Genes are made of a chemical called_____. This chemical is in the form of a double__

k) ____is the result of trisomy of the 21ˢᵗ chromosome. This is a result of____ .

l) A character that is masked is considered_____while that which is expressed is known as______ .

m) ____results in haploid number of chromosome in gametes.

n) Genes are in pairs, known as_____ .

o) In a Dihybrid cross, phenotypic ratio is____ .

C) NAME THE FOLLOWING:

1) The number of homologous chromosomes in each normal human cell.

2) The scientist who proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

3) The plant used by Mendel for his experiments.

4) The number of pairs of Chromosomes in man and drosophila.

5) Fundamental unit of heredity.

6) The condition in which both the alleles are identical.

7) The allele which expresses itself on the other.

8) The Mandelian cross which is carried out by taking one pair of contrasting character.

9) The chemical substance which constitutes the genes.

10) Total number of chromosomes in humans.

11) The second law of Mandel.

12) The sex chromosomes of a male.

13) Phenotype of the F₂ generation in a self cross between offspring of homozygous pea plant bearing red flowers and homozygous pea plant bearing white flowers.

14) Any three animals having 19 pairs of Chromosomes.

15) An alteration in genetic material that can be inherited.

16) Pair of genes responsible for a particular characteristics in an individual.

17) The structure that acts as bearer of heredity units.
    OR
The structure that transmits characteristics from patent to offspring.

D) Very Short Answers Type Questions:

1) What is sex-linked inheritance?

2) What is the difference between character and traits ?

3) Some conditions in humans are caused by family genes and chromosomes. Give two examples of these conditions.

4) Define Mendel's law of dominance.

5) What are autosomes?

6) What is dehybrid ratio?

7) The number of pairs of autosomes in men is 22.        T/F

E) Short Answer Type Questions:

1) a) What are genes ?
b) Where are they found in the cell?
c) Mention their functions.

2) If homozygous Tall lant bearing red flowers is crossed with a homozygous dwarf plant bearing white flowers---

a) What will be the genotype and the phenotype of the first filial generation ?

b) If the F₁ plants are self pollinated, what will be the ratio of pure dwarf white offsprings and pure tail red offsprings?

3) a) What is a mutation?

b) Write two causes of mutation.

4) Give the dehybrid ratio. Name and state the law which explains the same.

F) Differentiate Between 

a) Test cross & Back cross

b) Pure strain/Hybrid strain.

G) SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION

1) If red flower colour is dominant to white flower colour, which of the following statement is correct:

a) all red flowered plant from the red flowered plants.

b) a few red flowered plants from the red flowered plants.

c) only white flowered plants from white flowered plants.

d) ratio of white to Red flowered hybrid plants is 1:1 .

2) which of the following terms represents a pair of contrasting characters or factors?

a) allele b) phenotype

c) Homozygous d) heterozygous

3) RR( red) is crossed with rr (white) . All the RR offspring are pink. This is an indication that R gene is:

a) hybrid b) recessive

c) incompletely dominant

d) mutant

4) a true breeding tall and smooth seeded pea plant is crossed with true breeding dwarf and wrinkled seeded plants. The fact that F¹ plants were all ta demonstrates:

a) principle of assortment of characters

b) that recombination of characters appears in F² generation.

c) that P¹ tall plants were heterozygous.

d) that tallness was dominant to dwarfness.

5) If tall plant is crossed with a dwarf plant. this type of cross is called

a) dihybrid B) monohybrid

c) reciprocal d) trihydrate 

6) how many genes a child receives from its father 

a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100%

7) visible characteristics of an organism are called

a) phenotypes b) genotype

c) homozygous D) heterozygous

8) Two homozygous genes are exactly similar in a genotype called :

A) heterozygous b) hemizygous

c) homozygous D) none

9) law of independent assortment can be proved on the basis of which of the following ratios 

A) 3:1 b) 2:1:1 c) 9:3:3:1 d)2:1

10) after crossing a tall pea plant with a dwarf pea plant, all the offspring were tall. If one of these new tall pea plants is crossed with a dwarf plant. the ratio of tall to do dwarf in the next generation would be:

a) 1 tall: 1 dwarf

b) 3 tall: 1 dwarf

c) all tall

d) all dwarf

H) Questions Base Diagram 

1) If a pea plant Homozygous (pure) for tall is crossed with one homozygous (pure) for dwarf. What will be the appearance of a) F₁ b) F₂progenies. (The character of tallness (T) is dominant over dwarfness (t))

2) The karyotype (set a chromosomes) Shown the diagram is taken from a dividing cell in a certain individual .

a) Is the individual male or female ? explain your answer.

b) How do you expect a (i) female cell (ii) sperm cell to differ in chromosome composition ?

3) in sexual reproduction p, gametes are found. Male and female gametes fuse to form a fertilized egg.

Complete the diagram to show the chromosome numbers in this process in humans.

4) The diagram shows the sex chromosomes of a human couple, A and B, and four of their children C, D, E and F.

a) Which parents is the mother ?

b) Explain why you choose this parent.

c) Another child is expected. What are the chance of it being a girl ?

5) A certain type of plant has either red, white or pink flowers. Crossing a red-flowered plant with white produces pink. Draw a genetic diagram to show the expected results for a cross between a plant with pink flowers and a plant with red flowers. Use the symbol R for the allele for red, and W for the white.

6) Grey body is dominant to black body in fruit flies. Starting with a pure breeding grey fly (that is one whose ancestors have all been grey) and an ebony fly, draw a diagram to show parental, F₁ and F₂ generations. Use the symbol e for ebony and E for grey allelies.

7) Figure show a family Pedigree (family tree) to show the inheritance of cystic fibrosis.

a) Us the Allele for cystic fibrosis dominant or recessive ?

b) State with reasons the genotype of individual 1, 2 and 4.

c) What are the possible genotypes of individuals 3 and 5 ?

8) Red-green colour blindness is a sex-linked inherited characteristic. The gene(allele) b colour blindness is recessive to the gene B for normal vision. The gene b is carried only on the X chromosome.

a) Describe these phenotypes.

b) Explain why Red-green colour blindness is more likely to occur in men than women.

9) Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease, is caused by a recessive allele (r), the normal condition (R) is dominant.

Mummy is a carrier for cystic fibrosis, daddy has normal alleles.

a) Complete Checkers board to show possible children.

b) Will any of their children have cystic fibrosis? Explain your answer.

10)a) Name two animal which have 19 pairs of chromosomes .

b) differentiate between genotype and phenotype.

c) in a certain species of animals in black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). Predict a genotype and phenotype of the offspring when the both parents are 'Bb' or have heterozygous black fur.

11) A homozygous Tall plant (T) bearing red coloured (R) flowers is crossed with a homozygous Dwarf plant (t) bearing white flowers (r).

a) Give the Genotype and Phenotype of the F¹ generation.

b) Give the possible combinations of the gametes that can be obtained from the F¹ hybrid.

c) Give the dihybrid ratio and the genotype of the offspring of the F² generation when two plants of the F¹ generation above are crossed.

                 

THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY(2)

Language of chemistry:

1) State the Valency:

A) Lithium

B) Nickel

C) Ammonium

D) Bromide

E) Sulphite

F) Nitride

G) Carbide

H) Chromium

I) Bisulphate

J) Dichromate

K) Permanganate

2) Write the formula:

A) Sodium zincate

B) Copper (II) carbonate

C) Almunium phosphate

D) Calcium silicate

E) Magnesium nitride

F) Iron(II) sulphate

3) Write the names of the compund 

a) KClO                 b) HClO

c) NaClO₃             d) AlN

e) K₂Cr₂O₇            f) KMnO₄

g) Ca₃N₂               h) Ca₃(PO₄)₂

i) H₂SO₃                j) HCL

k) HNO₃                l) H₂SO₄

m) NH₄OH            n) NaOH

n) NaOH               o) H₂CO₃      

p) HNO₂               q) Mg(HCO₃)₂

r) NaAlO₂             s) K₂PbO₂

t) Cr₂(SO₄)₃          u) Na₂O

4) Balance the equation

a) Mg + N₂ -> Mg₃N₂

b) Fe + H₂O <=> Fe₃O₄ + H₂

c) C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ -> CO₂ + H₂

d) Al + H₂O -> Al₂O₃ + H₂

e) Zn + KOH -> K₂ZnO₂ + H₂

f) Fe₂O₃ + C -> Fe + CO

g) CuO + NH₃ -> Cu + H₂O + N₂

h) Pb₃O₄ -> PbO + O₂

i) Zns + O₂ -> ZnO + SO₂

j) H₂SO₄ + S -> SO₂ + H₂O

k) HNO₃ + S -> H₂SO₄ +NO₂+ H₂O

l) MnO₂ + HCl -> MnCl₂ + H₂O + Cl₂

m) Pb₃O₄ + HCl -> PbCl₂+H₂O + Cl₂

n) Ca(HCO₃)₂+HNO₃ -> Ca(NO₃)₂ + H₂O + CO₂

o) Al + NaOH+ H₂O -> NaAlO₂+ H₂

p) H₂SO₄+C-> CO₂+H₂O+SO₂

q) FeSO₄ + O₂  -> Fe₂O₃ + SO₂

r) KMnO₄+HCl-> KCl+MnCl₂+H₂O+ Cl₂

s) K₂Cr₂O₇ + HCl -> KCl + CrCl₃ + H₂O + Cl₂

t) C₁₀H₁₆ + Cl₂ -> C + HCl

u) Fe₂O₃ + CO -> Fe + CO₂

v) Ca(HCO₃)₂+ HNO₃ -> Ca(NO₃)₂ + CO₂ + H₂O

w) Na₂O₂ + H₂O -> NaOH + O₂

x) KOH + Cl₂ -> KCl + KClO₃+ H₂O

y) CaOCl₂+ NH₃ -> CaCl₂+ H₂O+ N₂

z) NaHCO₃ + Al(SO₄)₃ -> Na₂SO₄ + Al(OH)₃ + CO₂.

**

** Underline the compound in each equation given below, which is incorrectly balanced and write the correct balancing for the same..

a) 2NH₄OH + H₂SO₄-->(NH₄)₂SO₄ + 3H₂O.

b) Na₂SO₃ + HCl --> 2NaCl + H₂O+ SO₂ 

c) CaC₂ + N₂--> 2CaCN₂ + C

d) Fe₂O₃ + 2H₂ --> 2Fe + 3H₂O

e) Cl + 2H₂O + SO₂ --> 4HCl + H₂SO₄

f) 6NaOH + 3Cl₂ --> 6NaCl + NaClO₃ + 3H₂O.

g) C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ --> 2CO₂ + 2H₂O

h) NaOH+ CO₂ --> Na₂CO₃ + H₂O

I) 2H₂O + 2Cl₂ --> 2HCl + O₂ 

j) 3CuO + NH₃ --> 3Cu + 3H₂O+ N₂

k) PbO₂ + 4HCl ---> PbCl₂ + H₂O+ Cl₂

5) Write the balance the Equation:

A) Potassium nitrate -> Potassium nitrite+ Oxygen

B) Calcium+ water -> Calcium hydroxide+ Hydrogen

C) Iron + Hydrochloric acid -> Iron(II) chloride + Hydrogen

D) Nitrogen dioxide+ Water + Oxygen -> Nitric acid

E) Lead dioxide [lead(IV) oxide] -> Lead monoxide+ Oxygen

F) Aluminium + Oxygen -> Almunium oxide

G) Iron + Chlorine -> Iron(III) chloride

H) Potassium bromide + Chlorine -> Potassium Chloride+ Bromine

I) Potassium bicarbonate-> Potassium carbonate+ water+ Carbon dioxide

J) Calcium hydroxide+ Ammonium Chloride -> Calcium Chloride+ water+ Ammonia. 

6) Match the Column I and II

I) 1) Hg⁺² 2) MnO₄¹⁻  3) Sn⁴⁺ 4) Pb²⁺ 

5) Sn²⁺      5) Pb⁴⁺       6) SO₃²⁻

7) N⁻³        8) NO₂⁻¹     9) MnO₄⁻²

10) Hg¹⁺  11) SO₄²⁻    12) ClO¹⁻ 

13) ZnO₂²⁻  14) Cr₂O₇²⁻ 

15) CrO₄²⁻    16) ClO₃¹⁻

II) a) Hypochlorite.  

b) Permanganate.    c) Plumbous

d) Zincate.  e) Nitride. f) Mercuric

g) Stannic.  h) Nitrite. i) Sulphite

j) Dichromate

7) Fill the blanks:

A) A symbol represents a short form of a/an ____(atom/element/molecules)

B) Aurum is the Latin name for the metal__(gold/lead/iron/silver)

C) Variable valency is exhibited, since electron are lost from an element from the ___(valence/penultimate) shell.

D) A chemical equation is a shortened form for a ____ (physical/chemical) change.

E) All chemical equations must be balanced to comply with___(Avagadro's law/Law of conservation of matter/Lussac's law). 

8) State which of the following formulas of compounds are incorrect. If incorrect Write the Correct formula.

A) (NH₄)₃SO₄           B) NaZnO₂

C) KCr₂O₇                 D) NaCO₃ 

E) Ca₂(PO₄)₃            F) Mg(SO₄)₂

G) KNO₃                   H) NaClO

I) NaO                      J) BaCl₂ 

9) With reference to a chemical equation state which of the statements 1 to 5 pertain to A or B.

A: information provided by a chemical equation.

B: Limitations of a chemical equation.

1) The nature of the individual elements.

2) The speed of the reaction.

3) The rate of matter in which the substance is present.

4) The completion of the reaction.

5) The direction of the reaction.

10) XCl₂ is the chloride of a metal X. State the formula of the sulphate & the hydroxide of the metal X.

11) An element X is trivalent. Write the balanced equation for the combustion of X in oxygen.

12) The formula of the nitride of a metal X is XN, state the formula of

a) its sulphate

b) its hydroxide.

13) What is the valence of nitrogen

a) NO

b) N₂O

c) NO₂

14) Name three metals whose symbols are derived from

a) the first letter of the name of the element, 

b) from their latin names.

15) State the valence of sulphur in

a) SO₂

b) SO₃

16) Give an example of a chemical equation in which two reactants form ---

a) one product

b) two products

c) three products

d) four products.

                     

                    MnO₂

17) 2KClO₃ -------> 2KCl+ 3O₂[g] - is a balanced equation.

a) State what is a 'balanced equation'.

b) Give a reason why the above equation is balanced.

c) State why the compound MnO₂ is written above the arrow.

18) What do the symbols ---

a) -->

b)  <=>

c) (s)

d) (I)

e) (g)

f) (aq.) Present in a chemical equation, mean.

19) CaCO₃ + 2HCl(dil) --> CaCl₂+ H₂O + CO₂(g)

a) State the information provided by the above chemical equation.

b) State the information not conveyed by the above chemical equation.

           VALENCY CHART

       *********************

ELECTROVALENT POSITIVE IONS/ RADICALS

-----------------------------------------------------

                 VALENCY 1

       Monovalent elements

          ********************

1) Potassium                             K¹⁺

2) Sodium.                                 Na¹⁺

3) Lithium                                   Li¹⁺

4) Hydrogen                                 H¹⁺

5) Ammonium.                         NH₄⁺¹

 • Variable valencies

       ---------

1) Cuprous (Copper[I])                Cu¹⁺

2) Argentous (Silver [I])               Ag¹⁺

3) Mercurous (Mercury[I])          Hg¹⁺ 4) Aurous (Gold [I])                      Au¹⁺

VALENCY 2 -- Divalent elements

1) Calcium                                    Ca²⁺

2) Magnesium                             Mg²⁺

3) Zinc²⁺                                        Zn²⁺

4) Barium                                      Ba²⁺

5) Nickel                                       Ni²⁺

6) Cobalt                                       Co²⁺

7) Uranium                                     U²⁺

     • Variable valencies

1) Cupric (Copper[II])                Cu²⁺ 

2) Argentic (Silver[II])                 Ag²⁺

3) Mercuric (Mercury[II])           Hg²⁺

4) Ferrous (Iron[II])                     Fe²⁺

5) Plumbous (Lead[II])                Pb²⁺

6) Stannous (Tin [II])                   Sn²⁺

7) Platinous (Platinum[II]            Pt²⁺

8)Mangannous(Manganese)[II]) Mn²⁺ 

VALENCY 3 -- Trivalent elements

1) Aluminium                                 Al³⁺

2) Chromium                                 Cr³⁺

   • Variable valancies 

1) Ferric (Iron[III])                         Fe³⁺

2) Auric (Gold[III])                       Au³⁺ 

VALENCY 4 - Tetravalent elements

 • Variable valencies 

1) Plumbic (Lead[IV])                 Pb⁴⁺

2) Stannic (Tin [IV])                    Sn⁴⁺

3) Platinic(Platinum [IV])           Pt⁴⁺

4)Mangannic(Manganese [IV]) Mn⁴⁺ 

ELECTROVALENT NEGATIVE IONS/RADICALS

   ----------------------------------------------

VALENCY 1-- Monovalent elements

1) Chloride                                     Cl¹⁻

2) Chlorate.                                ClO₃¹⁻

3) Hypochlorite                           ClO¹⁻

4) Bromide                                     Br¹⁻

5) Iodide                                           I¹⁻

6) Hydroxide                               OH¹⁻

7) Nitrite                                     NO₂¹⁻

8) Nitrate                                    NO₃¹⁻

9) Hydrogen(bi) carbonate    HCO₃¹⁻

10) Hydrogen(bi) sulphite      HSO₃¹⁻

11) Hydrogen(bi) sulphate     HSO₄¹⁻

12) Alluminate                         AlO₂¹⁻

13) Permanganate                 MnO₄¹⁻

VALENCY 2-- Divalent elements.

1) Sulphite                                SO ₃²⁻

2) Sulphate                                SO₄²⁻

3) Sulphide                                   S²⁻

4) Carbonate                             CO₃²⁻

5) Oxide                                         O²⁻

6) Chromate                             CrO₄²⁻

7) Dichromate                       Cr₂O₇ ²⁻

8) Peroxide                                    O₂²⁻

9) Silicate                                  SiO₃²⁻

10) Zincate                              ZnO₂²⁻

11) Plumbite                           PbO₂²⁻ 

VALENCY 3 -- Trivalent elements:

1) Phosphate.                           PO₄³⁻

2) Nitride                                     N³⁻

3) Phosphite                             PO₃³⁻

VALENCY 4 -- Tetravalent elements:

1) Carbide.                                     C⁴⁻

** Compounds formed from elements with variable valency

Element  valency  Compound form

 

1)Copper

     •Cuprous  1 Copper(I)oxide Cu₂O

     • Cupric     2 Copper(II)oxide CuO

2) Iron

   • Ferrous    2  Iron(II)oxide      FeO

   • Ferric       3  Iron(III)oxide   Fe₂O₃

3) Mercury 

•Mercurous 1Mercuric(I)oxide Hg₂O

• Mercuric  2 Mercury(II)oxide HgO

CHEMICAL BONDING

A) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1) A triple bond is formed by the sharing of three electron between two atoms. Is this statement correct? If not, correct it.

2) Correct the following statements:

" The decomposition of molten sodium chloride by the action of electricity is an oxidation-reduction reaction in which sodium acts as an oxidizing agent and chlorine acts as a reducing agent".

3) What kind of compounds are soluble in water?

4) An atom has two electrones more than a noble gas configuration. What type of ion will it form ?

5) Which of the following compounds has the highest melting point? 

    C₃H₇OH , KCL or C₆H₅COOH

6) Why are atoms of metals and nonmetals reactive ?

7) a) Draw a diagram to show the formation of ammonium ion.

b) draw an electron dot diagram to illustrate the structure of a molecule of

    I) nitrogen

    ii) hydrogen chloride.

c) Hydronium ion label the lone pair of electrons.

8) Name the charged particles which attracts one another to form electrovalent compounds.

9) In the formation of electrovalent compounds, electrons are transferred from one element to another. How are electrons in the formation of a covalent compound?

10) The electronic configuration of nitrogen is 2, 5. How many electrons in outer shell of a nitrogen atom are not involved in the formation of a nitrogen molecule?

11)  Elements A, B and C have atomic numbers 9, 20 and 10 respectively.

a) State which one is chemically inert.

b) Write down the formula of the compound formed by two of the above elements.

12) An element X has electronic configuration 2,8,18,8,1. Without identify X:

a) Predict the sign and charge on a simple ion of X.

b) write if X will an Oxidising agent or a reducing agent and why ?

13) a) Name two compounds, which are covalent, but on dissolving in water Conduct electicity.

b) Write one Property of any of the above compounds, which agrees with its being a covalent compound.

14) The hydrogen atom has only one valence electron. The carbon atom is 4 valence electrons. With the help of dot diagrams write down electronic configuration of elements in:

a) methane (CH₄)

b) ethylene (C₂H₄).

15) In the formation of compound XY₂, atom X gives one electron to each Y atom.

a) What is the nature of bond in XY₂ 

b) Give two Properties of XY₂.

16) An atom of fluorine may be written as ¹⁹₉F. Using electron dot diagram. Show electrons in outermost shell. Show how a molecule of fluorine (F₂) is formed. What is the name given to this kind of bonding?

17) Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state. why ?

18) Explain:

a) Why is sodium ion (Na⁺) not reactive, but sodium metal is very reactive ?

b) Why hydrogen ion is called a proton ?

c) Why do covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?

d) Why are ionic solids hard and brittle.

e) Why ionic solids are soluble in polar solvents.

f) Why compounds have high melting and boiling points.

g) Why covalent compounds do not allow the passage of electricity through them.

19) What kind of elements form positively charged ions ? Give two examples.

20) Define:

a) Electrovalency

b) Covalency 

21) What are polar compounds? Give two examples.

22) Draw an electron dot diagram to illustrate the structure of a molecule of :

a) Nitrogen

b) hydrogen chloride.

23) a) Element Q and S react together to form an ionic compound. Under normal conditions . Which physical state will the compound QS exist in ?

b) Can Q and S both be metals ? Justify your answer.

24) In the formation of magnesium chloride (by direct combination between magnesium and chlorine), name the substan that is oxidised and the substance that is reduced.

25) Five atoms are labelled A to E as follows:

Atoms         Mass no.     Atomic no

  A                    40                 20

  B                    19                  9 

  C                     7                    3 

  D                    16                   8 

  E                    14                   7

a) which one of these atoms:

     i) contains 7 protons?     

   ii) has an electronic configuration 2,7 ?    

b) Write down the formula of the Compound formed between C and D.

c) Express these atoms as metals and non-metal. 

26) An atom X has 2, 8, 7 electrons in its orbits. It combines with an another atom Y having 1 electron in its outermost orbit.

a) What type of bond will be formed between X and Y ? 

b) Write the formula of the Compound formed.

c) Is it soluble in water or not ?   

27) Elements X, Y and Z have atomic numbers 6, 9, and 12 respectively.

a) Which one forms:

     I) an anion  ii) a cation ? 

b) Which has four electrons in the valence shell ?    

28) What type of a bond is formed when the atoms have :

a) zero difference of electronegativity.      

b) little difference of electronegativity.

c) high difference of electronegativity.     

29) What type of chemical bonds are involved in the formation of the following compounds ?

a) NaCl.      

b) HCl.    

c) CHCl₃.   

30) In the following reaction/

     Cu²⁺ + Zn --> Cu + Zn²⁺

Name 

a) the oxidizing agent.     

b) the substance oxidized.    

c) the substance gaining electrons.     

31) Why do certain atoms form ions?

32) a) What are covalent compounds ?

b) How are these formed?

33) a) What are ionic compounds ?

b) How are these formed?

34) A hydrogen chloride molecule is called a polar covalent molecule. Give reason.

OR

 Account for the ionic character in a covalent bond formed between H and CL.

35) What is a lone pair ? Give two examples to explain it.

36) What type of chemical bond is present in a carbon tetrachloride molecule (CCL₄).

37) copy and complete the following table:

                                      Sodium     Phosphorus

a) formula of chloride

b) physical state of chloride at room temperature (i.e., solid, liquid or gas)

c) Nature of bonding in chloride(i.e., ionic covalent)

38) Compound X consists of molecules.

Choose the correct answer

A) The type of bonding in X will be:

a) ionic b) electrovalent c) covalent d) molecules.       

B) X is likely to have a:

a) low melting point and high boiling point.

b) high melting point and low boiling point.

c) low melting point and low boiling point.

d) high melting point and high boiling point.         

C) In the liquid state, X will:

a) become ionic b) be an electrolyte c) conduct electricity d) not conduct electricity.        

39) Identify the following reactions as either oxidation or reduction:

A) O + 2e⁻ --> O²⁻           

B) K - e⁻ ---> K⁺ .    

C) Fe³⁺ + e⁻ --> Fe²⁺.  

40) Give the electron dot representation of the following molecules: 

A) MgF₂  B) NaCl C) Cl₂ D) CH₄

41) Match the atomic numbers 4, 14, 8, 15 and 19 with each of the following:

a) A solid non-metal of valency 3.  

b) A gas of valency 2.      

c) A metal of valency 1.  

d) A non-metal of valency 4.   

42) The electronic configuration of atoms of three elements A, B and C are (2,8,1),(2,8,6) and (2,8,18,7) respectively.

a) Write down the formula of the molecule of B and its electron dot diagram. Mention the type of bonding.

b) write down the formula of the compound formed between A and C and type of bonding.    

c) Classify the elements A, B and C as metals and non-metals.    

d) Which element is likely to be a good conductor of electricity and why?

43) Some informations about elements  D, E,F, G and H are given below:

Element   At w   At. N.   Electron

 D                9        4           2,2

 E               19       9           2,7

 F               23      11         2, 8,1

 G               31      15        2,8,5

 H               40      18       2,8,8

a) Will the compound found by E and F have ionic or molecule structure ?

b) Give the structure electron dot diagram of molecules E₂ between E and F.

c) which two elements can form ions with electronic configuration of noble gas in neon (atomic number 10)? Explain .

d)  Which elements can be unreactive ?

44) An element C has the electronic configuration (2,8,18,8,1) without identifying C:

a) Predict the sign and charge on simple ion of C.  

b) State whether you would expect the element C a metal or a non-metal. 

c) Write the probable formula and appearance of chloride of C.  

d) Write down the probable formula and solubility of hydroxide of C.  

B) FILL THE BLANK:

1) Two chlorine atoms combine to form a molecule. The bond between them is....(ionic/covalent).    

2) In forming O₂ molecule, ..... electrons are shared by each atom of oxygen.(two/three).  

3) The number of single covalent bonds in a C₂H₂ molecules are....(two/one).   

4) In forming N₂ molecule, ..... electrons are shared by each atom of nitrogen.(three/two).     

5) Two atoms of the same element combine to form a molecule. The bond between them is known as...(ionic/covalent).   

6) Methane is a ... compound.(covalent/Ionic).    

7) CCL₄ is a..... compound.(covalent/ionic).  

8) Halogens have a tendency to... electron readily.(lose/gain). 

9) .....is a process by which electrons are apparently removed from an atom or an ion.(oxidation/reduction).  

10) An oxidising agent is .....of electrons.(an accepter/ a donor).  

11) .... compounds are undergo reactions.(electrovalent/covalent).      

12) A ..... bond is a pair of electrons shared by two atoms.(ionic/covalent).    

13) The bond in the hydrogen molecule is called a......bond.(single/double).  

14) A covalent bond that is shared equally between two bounded. atoms is called a .... covalent bond. (Polar/non-polar).  

15) The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons is called it's ....(electropositively/electronegativity).  

C) NAME THE FOLLOWING :

1) One bivalent anions and one trivalent cation.   

2) Two cations isoelectronic to neon. 

3) Two anions isoelectronic to argon. 

4) Two ionic compounds.  

5) Two covalent compounds.     

6) The compound formed by either gaining or losing electrons.     

7) The compound formed by sharing of electrons.    

8) Oxidising agent in the Equation: 2MG + O₂ ---> 2MGO.   

9) CuO + H₂ --> Cu + H₂O.          

10) The bond formed in a molecule of N₂.     

11) One electrovalent compound containing chlorine.  

12) One covalent compound containing chlorine. 

13) Two compounds which contain both ionic and covalent bonds. 

14) The bond formed between two or more non-metals.

D) TRUE OR FALSE:

1) Ionic compounds are soft solids or liquids at ordinary temperature. 

2) Carbon dioxide is an electrovalent compound.   

3) Ionic bond involves sharing of electrons.    

4) Covalent bond involves transference of electrons.    

5) KCL is an iconic compound.    

6) The shape of a methane molecule is tetrahedral.    

7) Covalent compounds are generally gaseous due to the presence of weak electrostatic forces of attraction.     

8) Covalent compounds are usually insoluble in water but are soluble in organic solvents.    

9) A compound made up of two or more non-metal is an equivalent compound.     

10) The bond formed between the atoms of the same element is an iconic bond.    

E) REASON BEHIND:

1) Ionic compounds do not conduct electicity in the solid state. Why ?

2) Why is sodium ion (Na+) not reactive, but sodium metal is very reactive ?

3) Why hydrogen ion is called a proton ?

4) Why do covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.

5) Why  are ionic solids hard and brittle ?

6) Ionic solids are soluble in polar solvents.

7) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.

8) Covalent compounds do not allow the passage of electicity through them. 

9) Why is a methane molecule called a non-polar compound.

F) DEFINE:

1) Electrovalency

2) Covalency

3) Polar compounds

4) Covalent compounds

5) Ionic compounds

6) Lone pair

G) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

1) Ionic compound / Polar covalent compound

2) Polar covalent compound/ Non-polar covalent compound.

3) a) sodium atom/sodium ion

b) chlorine atom/ chlorine ion.

with respect to:

i) atomic structure 

ii) electrical state 

iii) chemical action 

iv) toxicity 

4) Ionic compounds/covalent compounds.

H) CHOOSE THE CORRECT Answer:

1) which of the following is not soluble in water?

A) NaCl             B) KBr. 

C) CaCl₂            d) CH₃Cl

2) When two pairs of electrons are shared, the bound formed between the atom is:

A) single covalent bond

B) double covalent bond

C) single ionic bond

D) triple covalent bond.

3) Which of the following is not a covalent molecule?

A) CHCl₃ b) NaCl c) CH₄ d) SO₂

4) Formation of an ionic compound is favoured by:

A) low ionization potential of the cation.

B) high ionization potential of the cation

C) low electron affinity of the anion.

D) low charge on the cation and the anion.

5) Hydrogen molecule is:

A) nonpolar.      B) ionic

C) covalent.       D) polar

6) polar compound are:

A) soluble in water

B) insoluble in water

C) soluble in organic solvents

D) soluble in none.

7) A polar covalent bond is formed by:

A) the transference of one electron

B) the transference of one or more electrons.

C) no sharing of electrons

D) sharing of one or more electrons.

8) Covalent compounds:

A) are generally insoluble in water.

B) have high melting points

C) conduct electricity in their aqueous solutions

D) are generally solids

9) Which of the following statements regarding a covalent bond is not true?

A) The electrons are shared between atoms

B) The bond is non-directional

C) The strength of the bond depends upon the extent of electron affinity.

D) The bond formed may or may not be polar

10) In a double bond connecting two atoms, there is a sharing of:

A) 2 electrons.  B) 4 electrons

C) 1 electron.    D) all electrons

11) The property which is characteristic of an electrovalent compound is that:

A) it is easily vaporized

B) it has a high melting point

C) it is a weak electrolyte

D) it often exists as a liquid.

12) When a metal atom becomes an ion:

A) it loses electrons and is oxidised

B) it gains electrons and is reduced.

C) it gains electrons and is oxidised

D) it loses electrons and is reduced.

12) Identify the following reactions as either oxidation or reduction? 

a) O + 2e⁻ ----> O²⁻

b) K - e ⁻ ---> K⁺ 

c) Fe³⁺ + e ⁻ ---> Fe²⁺

MATTER -- ON THE BASIS OF KINETIC THEORY (PHY)

1) DEFINE:

A) matter 

B) element 

C) atom 

D) molecule 

E) latent heat of fusion.

F) latent heat of vaporization.

G) diffusion 

2) write the fundamental postulate of kinetic theory of matter.

3) On what factors the rate of diffusion of a gas depends.

4) Name two everyday phenomena which suggest that matter is made up of molecules.

5) State for assumption of kinetic theory of matter.

6) a) what do you understand by the term Brownian movement ?

b) Explain Brownian movement on the basis of kinetic model of matter.

7) Water from a clear stream was collected in a glass. The glass was covered with a dish and water was observed against powerful light. It was observed that water contained tiny suspended particles of send.

a) describe the motion of particles carefully.

b) what is the cause of the above movement?

c) what name will you assign to the above movement of particles?

d) Will this movement occur, if the particle size is bigger?

e) will the above movement increase or decrease, if water is warmed ?

f) Give one reason for the answer in (e) ?

8) On the basis of kinetic model of matter, explain the physical difference between solids, liquids and gases.

9) On the basis of kinetic model of matter, explain:

a) solids expand on heating.

b) liquids expand more on heating as compared to solids.

c) Gases expand more than solids and liquids of heating.

10)a) What do you understand by the term diffusion ?

b) Describe a simple experiment to show the diffusion in liquids.

11) Explain on the basis of molecular (kinetic theory) of matter:

a) Diffusion of a solid in a liquid

b) Diffusion of a solid in a gas.

c) Diffusion of a liquid in a gas.

d) Diffusion of one gas into another gas.

12) A crystal of Potassium dichromate (Orange Red in colour) is placed in a beaker of water which is covered by a glass lid.

a) what is your observation after 10 minutes ?

b) What is your observation after 2 days ?

c) Explain the phenomenon on the basis of kinetic theory of matter.

13) a) Why cannot the solids diffuse in solids ?

b) Give two examples of diffusion of solids in gases.

14) On the basis of kinetic model of matter, define.

A) Heat

b) Temperature

15) Explain on the basis of kinetic of matter.

a) Solids change into liquid state on heating.

b) The temperature of solid stops rising, once the melting starts.

c) liquid change into gaseous state on heating.

d) The temperature of boiling liquid stops increasing during the Vaporization.

16) On the basis of kinetic model of matter, explain 

a) why boiling point of water rises with the increasing pressure.

b) boiling point of water falls with pressure on the fall in pressure.

17) On the basis of kinetic model of matter, explain:

a) evaporation

b) cooling is caused by evaporation.

18) On the basis of kinetic model of matter, explain:

a) Moving air increases the rate of evaporation.

b) A piece of iron gets hot when rubbed over stone.

c) The rate of evaporation increases with increase in exposed area of liquid.

d) Rate of evaporation increases with the rise in temperature of its surroundings.

19) a) What is the effect on temperature on adding common salt to ice ?

b) Give an explanation for your answer (a).

20)a) What do you understand by the term freezing mixture ?

b) State two uses of freezing mixture ?

21) a) What is the effect of increase in pressure on the boiling point of a liquid.

b) state one use of above effect in day to day life.

c) What is the effect of dissolved impurities on the boiling point of water ?

22) a) Why do not pulses and meat cook well on mountains?

b) suggest and explain a method for cooking pulses or meat on the hilly easily.

c) Why food cooks faster in pressure cooker as compared to ordinary cooking vessels?

23) Give four difference between boiling and evaporation.

MATTER (Chemistry)

A) DEFINE:

1) interconversion of the three state of matter.

2) melting 

3) melting point 

4) solidification 

5) boiling point

6) Vaporization 

7) condensation 

8) sublimation 

9) freezing point  

B) Fill in the blanks with correct word from the words in brackets to complete each sentence.

1) Interconversion of matter is__ (affected/not affected) by changes in conditions such as temperature and pressure.

2) As per kinetic theory of matter all method in any state is composed of ___(molecules/ atoms or ions /molecules, atoms or ions).

3) The interparticle attractive force____ (increases/decreases) with increasing distance between particles.

4) The particles are in continuous random motion and pocesses kinetic energy which__(increases /decreases) on application of heat.

5) Forces of attraction of particles of matter in gases is__ (large/negligible)

6) The quantity of a matter presents its__ while the gravitational pull its_____(weight/mass).

7) ___(iodine/naphthalene) is an example of a solid which sublimes in the absence of heat.

8) Solidification is also termed as ___( fusion/freezing).

9) The kinetic energy of molecules in a solid is___ (low/very large).

10) In ammonium chloride, the intermolecular force is___(high/ low).

C) Select the correct word from the terms A to F given below, correlating with each statements 1 to 5.

1) process of change from gaseous state to liquid state without fall in temperature.

2) process of change from liquid state to solid state to at a particular temperature.

3) temperature at which liquid changes into gaseous state at a press. of 760 mm of Hg.

4) process of change from liquid state to gaseous state.

5) temperature at which liquid changes into a solid at a pressure of 760mm.

A) Solidification point

B) Vaporization 

C) melting point 

D) Solidification

E) boiling points

F) liquification.

D) GIVE REASON:

1) solid, liquid and gases are considered as a matter, but light is not.

2) On heating a solid at its melting point the intermolecular distance of the particles increases.

3) On heating a liquid at its boiling point, heat energy is converted to potential energy.

4) Sublimable solids directly change to gaseous state on heating.

5) At its freezing point a liquid changes into a solid.

E) Fill in the blanks given below with the words "increases" or "decreases" in each case.

1) During solidification or freezing, the intermolecular force of attraction _____.

2) On heating a liquids at its boiling point, the intermolecular distance.

3) Ice melts at 0°C. At its melting point, the intermolecular force of attraction.

4) Change from gaseous state to liquid state results due to ___

5) On heating a Sublimable solid, the intermolecular force of attraction_____.

F) Explain the change of state of matter on the basis of kinetic theory of matter with reference to---

1) Melting -- on heating a solid at its melting point.

2) Solidification -- on cooling a liquid at its freezing point.

3) Vaporization -- on heating a liquid at its boiling point.

4) Condensation -- on cooling a gas.

5) Sublimation -- on heating a Sublimable solid.

G) Name the following:

1) the change of state in which naphthalene changes to vapour.

2) common substance which exists in all the three states of matter.

ABSORPTION BY ROOTS(1)

A) Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct alternative out of those given within brackets:

1) Just below the route cap, lies region of ____. (Meristem/root hair/cell enlargement)

2) Flaccidity and turgidity are __ to each other. (same/opposite/ not related)

3) The root hair is _____.(a cell/a cilium/an extension of cell)

4) Shrinkage of Protoplasm is called____. (plasmolysis/ deplasmolysis/incipient plasmolysis)

5) Outer layer of root hair is made of pectin and inner of____. (cellulose/polysaccharide/mucopolypeptide)

6) Due to turgidity guard cell becomes ____on the outside.(more concave/more convex/flat)

7) The root cap acts as a ____ . (conductive tissue/ protective tissue mechanical tissue)

8) Approximate 98% of the water is absorbed through____. (plasmolysis/active absorption/ passive absorption)

9) The plasmalemma of root hair is ______. (permeable/ impermeable/ semipermeable)

10) The loss of water in the form of droplets through leaves of an intact plant is termed as______. (bleeding/guttation/transpiration).

B) Complete the following statements by choosing the correct alternative out of those given within brackets:

1) The water rises in the stem through ______.(phloem/ xylem)

2) The solution which has the same concentration of dissolved particles as inside the cell is called ____.(hypotonic/ isotonic)

3) In tall trees, the ascent of sap takes place by____. (Turgor pressure/transpiration pull)

4) Absorption of water by the roots is by means of ____(root hairs/stem)

5) A plant cell kept in a concentrated salt solution shows ____. ( plasmolysis/ deplasmolysis)

6) The movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to that of lower concentration is termed____.(osmosis/diffusion)

7) The pressure by which the cortical cells of the root force water into the xylem is called ___. (Turgor pressure/root pressure)

8) ____ is the state of a cell in which the cell wall is rigid and streched by the increase in volume of vacuoles by absorption of water.(Flaccidity/ turgidity)

9) The diffusion of particles of ___ across the semipermeable membrane is known as Osmosis. (solvent/solute)

C) Fill in the blanks with suitable words given in the list:

( opposite ,Osmosis, selective permeable, energy, higher, semipermeable membrane, diffusion,shrink, water, ascent of sap, cohesion theory, turgor movements, Osmosis, semi permeable)

1) Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a ___membrane.

2) Osmosis and diffusion are the same except that in Osmosis there is a ____.

3) The upward movement of water along with mineral salts dissolved in it is called___.

4) The movement of liquid through a selectively permeable membrane is termed as____.

5) Absorption of water in plants takes place through the roots by the process of _____.

6) Active transport is in a direction____ to that of diffusion.

7) The plasma membrane is___.

8) The most acceptable theory of ascent of SAP is ____.

8) ____ is the medium of transport of a mineral in plants.

9) Active absorption requires___ for absorption.

10) The concentration of cytoplasm or Cell SAP is___ in a plasmolysed Cell than in the turgid cell.

11) When a cell placed in a more concentrated solution, the cell content will___.

12) The bonding movements of certain flowers towards the sun and the sleep movements of certain plants at nights are examples of____.

13) The process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly within the space they occupy is termed _____.

D) Observe the relationship between the first two pairs and then fill in the suitable word at fourth place.

1) plasmolysis: Exosmosis : : Deplasmolysis : ______ .

2) Hypotonic : Endosmosis : : Hypertonic : _____.

E) Given below is an example of a particular structure and its special functional activity. e.g., Glomerulus and Ultrafiltration.

 On a similar pattern complete the following:::

 Phloem and _______

F) NAME THE FOLLOWING 

1) The upward movement of water and Minerals from Roots to leaves and other parts of a plant.

2) The fully expanded condition of cell with its cell wall in a state of tension due to accumulation of water.

3) Pressure through which water can rise up to some feet.

      OR

What is responsible for guttation

4) The process in which water absorption needs metabolic energy.

5) Issuing of water sap from an injured part of the plant.

6) Reverse of plasmolysis.

7) A solution whose concentration is lower than that of the cell sap.

8) A solution whose concentration is equal to that of the cell sap.

9) The tissue which conducts manufactured food from leaves to the other parts of a plant.

10) The term given to the osmosis in which water from living cells diffuses out.

OR

The process which makes the tissue flaccid.

11) The tissue responsible for the ascent of sap.

OR

Tissue concerned with upward movement of water in plants.

OR

A structure that transports water from the soil to other parts of the plant.

12) Loss of water in the form of water droplets from the marginal leaves.

13) Flow of water from outside and environment into the cell.

14) The process by which raisins swell up when placed in a beaker of water.

OR

 Marine fish when it thrown under tap water bursts because of:

15) The condition of a cell in which the cell contents are shrunken.

16) The process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly within the space they occupy.

OR

 The process of mixing of two different substances/molecules.

17) The inward movement of solvent molecules through the plasma membrane of a cell.

OR

 Process by which water enter root hair.

17) The space between the cell wall and plasma membrane in a plasmolysed cell is filled with.

OR

 A solution whose concentration is greater than that of the cell is filled with.

OR

A solution whose concentration is greater than that of the cell sap.

18) Condition of cell placed in a hypotonic solution.

19) The pressure exerted by cell contents on a plant cell wall.

20) The pressure which is responsible for the movement of water molecules across the cortical cells of the root.

G) SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1) Name four psychological processes associated with water absorption.

2) Mention the various physical forces involved in the absorption of water and minerals.

3) What is and Endosmosis ?

4) What is Exosmosis?

5) How is root hair structurally adapted for absorption of water ?

6) what is meant by ascent of sap?

7) What do you mean by osmotic pressure ?

8) How does a living cell behave in hypotonic and isotonic solutions?

9) Name three factors which determine the absorption of water.

10) state whether active absorption is osmotic or non-osmotic ?

11) Under what osmotic conditions, water does not enter into a cell?

12) what will happen to a plant cell if it is kept in a hypotonic salt solution for about 30 minutes?

13) Leaves of sensitive plant wilt and a droop down on a slight touch. what mechanism bring this change ?

14) what is flaccid condition of a cell ?

15) what is total plasmolysis?

16) what is incipient plasmolysis

17) Give any two examples of turgor movements in plants.

18) Name one chemical substance which is transported from roots to the shoot and one which is transported from the leaves to the lower parts of the plant.

19) what would be the osmotic and turgor pressure of plasmolysed cell ?

20) Give an example of osmosis occuring in the human body and a green leaf.

21) what is deplasmolysis?

22) State whether the following statements are true or false. rewrite the false statement by changing the first or the last word.

a) Cells that have lost their water content are said to be deplasmolysed.

b) xylem is the water conducting tissue in plants .

23) Define the term bleeding.

24) Given below is a group of five terms. Arrange and rewrite the terms in the correct order so as to be in a logical sequence. An example has been done:

e.g., Penis, testes ,sperm duct, sperm, semen.

* testis - sperm- sperm duct- semen - penis.

a) Endosmosis, root hair, xylem, soil water, cells of cortex.

25) Given below is a set of terms arranged in a logical sequence, representing a process or a function. Of these, one term is incorrect. Identify the incorrect term and replace it with the correct term.

 Soil water--> root hair--> cells of cortex--> epidermis--> xylem.

26) Given below is a set of five terms. without changing the first term, rearrange the remaining four, so as to be un logical sequence as per the direction given in bracket. 

 Soil water, xylem, cortex, endodermis, root hair (conduction of water)

27) Given below is an incomplete explanation of certain biological process/term where a key word has been left out. Rewrite the completed explanation by inserting the key word in the space indicated by ∆

*Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from its region of high concentration to its reagion of low concentration through a ∆ membrane.

28) The following paragraph is related to absorption of water from the soil. Copy and complete the following paragraph by selecting the correct word from those given in the box. You may use the term only once.

 - (Exosmosis, hypertonic, osmosis, isotonic ,hypotonic, cortical, Endosmosis)

 *Water enters the root hair from the soil by the process of___. This is because the solution in the soil is ____whereas the cell sap in the root hair cell is____ The water then passes through the___ cells by cell to cell___ and reaches the xylem of the root.

29) What is water potential ?

30) a) what is transpiration pull ?

b) how is transpiration pull caused ?

30) The leaves of a well watered potted plants were found wilted during a hot sunny day 

a) suggest two reasons which could have caused the wilting of the leaves.

b) Would the cells of the leaves in the wilted state be flaccid or turgid?

c) explain briefly the meaning of the term inside in your answer to above 

d) what advantages would the plant have derived from wilting ?

e) what explanation would you suggest if the wilted leaves did not recover even during the night?

31) Select the correct answer out of the four available choices given under each question :

a) The path of water and soluters from the soil to the conducting tissue of the root is :

I) soil -->root hair -->cortex -->Endosmosis --> pericycle--> protoxylem--> phloem 

ii) soil -->root hair --> cortex --> pericycle--> endodermis--> protoxylem--> metaxylem.

iii) soil -->epidermal cell of the root--> cortex---> endodermis --> pericycle--> protoxylem --> metaxylem---secondary xylem.

iv) soil -->root hair--> cortex-- endodermis --> pericycle-->protoxylem -->metaxylem.

b) water will be absorbed by root hairs when :

I) concentration of salt in the soil is high

ii) concentration of solutes in the cell SAP is high.

iii) the plant is rapidly respiring.

iv) They are separated from the soil by a semipermeable membrane.

c) which of the following statement is wrong ?

I) plant absorbs only one thing at a time --water or inorganic salts

ii) water and inorganic salts are taken in simultaneously by root hairs

iii) plants take in small quantity of mineral salts through root hairs.

iv) Roots are one of the main absorbing organs of the plant.

d) Root cap has no role in absorption because it has:

I) no direct connection with vascular system

ii) loosely arranged cells 

iii) no cells containing chloroplast

iv) no root hairs

e) wilting of the plants occurs when :

I) phloem is blocked 

ii) xylem is a blocked 

iii) both xylem and phloem are blocked 

iv) a few old roots are removed.

f) xylem transport water in tall trees appears to be mainly due to: 

I) metabolic activity in xylem cells

ii) root pressure 

iii) capillary rise in xylem open pipes

iv) transpiration pull and Cohesion of water molecules.

g) water available to the plant is:

I) run off water 

ii) gravitational water

iii) hygroscopic water 

iv) capillary water.

h) root pressure is maximum when :

I) transpiration is high and absorption is very low.

ii) transpiration is very low and absorption is very high

iii) absorption is very high and transpiration is also very high.

iv) absorption is low and transportation is also very low.

I) On hot bright days will transpiration from leaves is rapid, the stems of many plants actually shrink though slightly, because of

I) upward rise of water column.

ii) presence of air bubbles at places.

iii) negative pressures or tensions in water columns

iv) plasmolysis of xylem cells.

j) In plants water supply is due to:

I) Osmosis 

ii) imbibition

iii) Guttation

iv) cohesive force

k) The space between the cell wall and a plasma membrane in a plasmolysed Cell is filled with:

i) isotonic solution 

ii) Hypotonic solution 

iii) hypertonic solution

iv) Water

H) REASON BEHIND::

1) Why is it important that the cells in a leaf tissue should be turgid ?

2) what would happen to the root hair of a potted plant if the soil was watered with a very concentrated solution of sodium chloride ?

3) Give biological reason, why marine fish burst when thrown under top water .

4) Can osmosis be regarded as diffusion ? Give reason.

5) if you Sprinkle some common salt on grass growing in a lawn, it is killed at that spot. Suggest a possible reason for it,

6) If you uproot a plant from the soil its leaves why?

7) why the grass in your lawn becomes greener if you add a little fertilizer to it , but it dies if you add a lot of it.

8) explain how the soaked seeds swell up and burst their seed coats.

9) Fresh water fish cannot survive in sea water .

10) A closed can of dried seeds burst open if some water enters it by accident .

11) why the raisins swell up in water

12) We gargle with saline water in case of throat infection.

13) the leaves wilted lettuce, if kept in the cold water, become crisp.

14) bacteria and fungi do not grow in pickles, jams, jellies and squashes, etc.

I) DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN:

1) Plasmolysis/Deplasmolysis

2) Flaccid conditions/Turgid Condition

3) Transpiration/Guttation

4) Osmosis/Diffusion

5) Wall pressure/Turgor pressure

6) Hypertonic solution/Hypertonic solution

7) Diffusion/Osmosis

SOUND WAVE (Numericals)

1) The time period of a vibrating body is 0.02 sec. Find its frequency.                 50 Hz.

2) A tuning fork of frequency 500 Hz is used to produce transverse waves in a string. The distance between two consecutive crest is 10cm. Find velocity of wave.            50m/s

3) A sound of wavelength 68cm travels 850m in 2.5sec. Find

A) velocity of sound.   340m/sec

B) frequency of sound.   500Hz

4) Draw a figure representing wave of

A) amplitude                        4m

B) wavelength 2m if frequency of wave is 150Hz. Find its velocity.                       300m/sec

5) When a stone is thrown in a pond, 10 ripples are produced in one sec. If the distance between a crest and a trough is 10cm, find

A) frequency.                     10Hz

B) wave velocity.      200cm/sec

C) wavelength of ripple.   20cm

6) Calculate the wavelength, in air, of a note of frequency 400Hz when the velocity of sound in air is 330m/sec.     

                                         0.825m.

7) A tuning fork has a frequency of 512Hz, and it produces a sound wave of wavelength 0.65m. Calculate the velocity of sound wave in air.                            332.8m/sec.

8) The lowest pitch detectable as sound by an average human ear corresponds to 20Hz, and the highest to about 20000Hz. What is the wavelength of each in air ? Take velocity of sound as 330m/sec.      16.5m, 0.0165m

9) A simple pendulum of length 50cm executes 30 oscillations in 42.6sec. Find the value of acceleration due to gravity at the place.                   9.78m/sec²

10) Frequency of a wave motion is 500Hz. Find out its time period.                0.002sec.

11) The wavelength of sound emitted by a source is 1 7/10²m. Calculate the frequency of sound, if its velocity is 443.4m/sec.                                  20200Hz.

12) Sound waves travels with a speed of about 330m/sec. What is the wavelength of sound whose frequency is 550Hz?  0.6

13) A longitudinal wave of wavelength 1cm, travels in aur with a speed of 330m/sec. Find the frequency of wave.    

                                       33000Hz

14) In a ripple tank, 10 full ripples/sec are produced. The distance between a trough and a crest is 15cm. Calculate

A) the frequency.              10Hz

B) the wavelength.           30cm

C) velocity of ripples.     3m/sec

15) A source of sound produces waves of wavelength 0.80m in air. The same source of sound produces wave of wavelength 4.0n in water. If the velocity of sound in air is 332m/sec, find the velocity of sound in water.

                                     1660m/sec

16) If the ratio of the length of two pendulums is 4:9, find the corresponding ratio of their time periods.                        2:3

17) A man stands at a distance from a wall and sets up a simple pendulum which makes two vibrations per sec. He claps his hands and hears the echo after exactly one complete oscillation of the pendulum. Find the distance between the man and the wall.            170m.

18) A) If the frequency and wavelength of a certain sound are 256Hz and 1.3m respectively. Find speed of sound.                            332.8m

B) if another sound, travelling with the same speed where to have a wavelength of 2.6m, what difference would it make to a listner.                     128Hz

1. The speed of sound at 4° C is 322.4m/s. Calculate the speed of sound at 34° C.      340.4 m/s 

2. The speed of sound at -5°C is 317m/s. Calculate the speed of sound at 

a) 35°C.                      341 m/s

b) - 45°C.                   293 m/s

3. The speed of sound at 0°C 320 m/s. Calculate the temperature when speed of sound.

a) Increases by 1/8th of speed of sound at 0°C.               66.67°C

b) Decreases by 1/12th of speed of sound at 0°C.          44.45°C

4. The speed of sound at 10°C is 326 m/s. Calculate the temperature at which speed of sound  is 302 m/s.        -30°C.

5. A sound wave frequency 640 Hz travels 800 m in 2.5 s.  Calculate 

a) speed of the sound.      320m/s

b) wavelength of sound wave. 

                                               0.5 m

6.  A television station broadcasts at a frequency of 4500 MHz. If the speed of television waves is 3x10⁸ m/s. Calculate the wavelength of television waves.         0.067m 

7. A longitudinal wave of wavelength 0.03 cm  travels in air with a speed of 330 m/s. Calculate the frequency of the wave. Can this wave be heard by a normal human ear . Give a reason for your answer.

                                  1100000Hz

8) A sound wave has a frequency of 2000 Hz and wavelength 17cm. If the wavelength increases to 51cm. what is the frequency, the nature of material through which sound is propagation remains the same

                                        666.67 Hz

9.  A disturbance in air has  wavelength of 22 metre and speed 330m/s. Calculate the frequency of disturbance. State whether above disturbance is audible to normal human ear. give one reason for your answer.

                                            15 Hz

10. An ultraviolet radiation has wavelength 150 A°. If the speed of ultraviolet radiation is 3x10⁸ m/s. calculate

A. frequency of radiation in MHz

B.  Time period (1 A°= 1/10¹⁰)

            2x10¹⁰MHz, 5/10¹⁷ sec.

11. The wavelength of waves produced on the surface of water is 20cm. if the wave velocity is 24 m/s, calculate 

A) number of waves produced in one second.                       120Hz

B) Time required to produce one wave.                        8.33/10³

12. A thin metal plate is placed against the teeth of cog wheel. If the cog wheel is rotated at a constant speed of 360 rotations per minute and has 80 teeth. calculate

A) frequency of a note produced

B) speed of sound, if the wavelength is 0.7m.    

C) What will be the effect, if the speed of the coh wheel is halved?

                     480Hz, 336.0 m/s

13. A vibrating turning fork can produce note of wavelength 0.83m and has a time period of  2.5/10³ seconds. calculate the wave velocity note and the distance covered by sound wave in 0.08s.                  26.56 m

14. The distance between one crest and one through produced on the surface of water is 0.04m. If the waves are produced at a rate of 180 per minute . Calculate a) time period                     0.33s

b) wave velocity.          0.24 m/s