MOLE (NUMERICALS)

A) How many grams are there in:

a) 2 moles of oxygen.              64g

b) 0.01 mole of nitrogen.      0.28g

c) 0.5 mole of O₂.                      16g

d) 0.2 mole of H₂.                      0.4

e) 0.2 mole of Al.                       5.4

f) 0.1 mole of HCl.                  3.65g

g) 0.2 mole of H₂O.                     3.6

h) 0.1 mole of CO₂.                   4.4g

B) How many mole atoms are there in:

a) 112g of Iron.                             2

b) 48g of oxygen.                          3

c) CO₂ which contains 8g of O₂.   0.25

d) 0.8g of methane.                  0.05

C) Which of the following would weigh most ?

a) 1 mole of H₂O

b) 1 mole of CO₂

c) 1 mole of NH₃     

d) 1 mole of CO

LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY.(1)

*** A symbol represent a short form of an element.

A)

a) In most cases the first letter of an element was taken as a symbol for that element. Give two examples of the same.

b) In certain cases the first letter along with its small letter from its name were used as the symbols. Give two examples of the same.

c) I some cases the symbols were derived from their Latin names. Name two metals whose symbols are derived from the same.

d) Sulphur is represented by 'S'. State how the symbol represents the elements 

a) qualitatively(i.e , representation in terms of an atom) 

b) quantitatively,(representation in terms of weight).

2) Explain the meaning of the terms in Italic given below.

    For writing a chemical formula the symbols and the valency of the element or radical should be known :

3) GIVE REASON: 

a) In hydrogen chloride the valency of the element chlorine is considered as one.

b) Certain metals exhibit more than one valency hence showing 'variable valency'.

4) Electro positive ions radicals

Symbol/valency               name

a. K ¹⁺                            potassium

b. Na

c. H

d. NH₄

e. Ca

f. Mg

g. Zn

h. Ba

i. Ni 

j. Co

k. Al

l. Cr

         Variable valencies

a. Cu ¹⁺

b. Cu

c. Hg ¹⁺

d. Hg

e. Fe ²⁺

f. Fe

g. Mn ²⁺

h. Mn

i. Pb ²⁺

j. Pb 

k. Pt ²⁺

l. Pt 

Electro negative ions radicals

Symbols/valency                Name

a. Cl ¹⁻                                Chloride

b. ClO₃

c. ClO

d. Br

e. I

f. OH

g. NO₂

h. NO₃

i. HCO₃

j. HSO₃

k. HSO₄

l. AlO₂

m. MnO₄

n. SO₃

o. SO₄

p. S

q. CO₃

r. O

s. CrO₄

t. Cr₂O₇

u. ZnO₂

v. PbO₂

w. PO₄

x. N

y. C

5) State the valency of each of the elements in the respective compounds in the following:

                                          

a) Sulphur in i) sulphur dioxide

                       ii) sulphur trioxide

b)Nitrogen in i)nitrogen monoxide 

                        ii) Nitrogen dioxide

                        iii) dinitrogen oxide

                    iv) dinitrogen pentoxide

c) copper in i) cupric oxide

                     ii) cuprous oxide

6) complete the following::

 The first example has been completed for you...

1. Cr³⁺        SO²⁻ 

= Cr₂          SO₄ ₃ 

= Cr₂(SO₄)₃

2. Mg     Cl

3. Na      ClO₃ 

4. K         ZnO₂

5. Ca      PO₄ 

6. NH₄     SO₄

7. Na       HSO₃ 

8. Al         S

 

9. Zn        SO₄ 

10. Mg         O 

7) Give the formulas of the following compounds whose metallic radicals exhibits variable valency.

 Compound formula

a. cupric nitrate 

b. cuprous chloride 

c. Iron(II) sulphate 

d. Mercuric nitrate

e. Plumbous chloride

f. Stannous chloride

g. Manganese sulphate

h. Platinic chloride

I. Mercurous chloride

j. Iron(III) nitrate

8) Give the names of the compounds whose formulas listed below.

formula name of the compound

a. HNO₂ 

b. HCO₃ 

c. H₂C₂O₄

d. H₃PO₄

e. CH₃COOH 

f. CaSiO₃ 

g. Na₂ZnO₂ 

h. K₂CrO₄

I. Mg₃N₂ 

9) A chemical equation is a shorthand form for a chemical change

a) 2KClO₃ ∆ -----> 2KCl + 3O₂ 

  i) in the above reaction name the reactant and the products.

 ii) State what the arrow in between indicates.

 

10) GIVE REASON 

a) all equations must be balanced.

b) A chemical equation provides Useful information about a reaction.

c) all chemical equations have their limitations.

11) Balancing of equations is carried out by trial and error method. A simple step-by-step balancing is achieved by taking into account the atoms of the same elements of the reactants with the concerned elements of the products.

 Balance the following equation in a step-by-step manner...

a) CuO + NH₃ ---> Cu+ H₂O + N₂ 

b) NH₃+ Cl₂ --> HCl + NCl₃ 

c) Mg₃N₂+ H₂O --->Mg(OH)₂ +NH₃

d) Pb₃O₄ +HCl---> PbCl₂+H₂O+ Cl₂ 

12) Write the balanced equations for the following word equations:

a) Manganese(IV) oxide + Hydrochloric acid --> manganese(II) chloride +water+ chlorine.

b) Potassium Hydroxide + Chlorine --> Potassium Chloride+ potassium hypochlorite + water

c) ammonium dichromate --> chromium oxide+ water+ nitrogen

d) potassium sulphide + nitric acid--> potassium nitrate +water + Sulphur Dioxide

e) iron(III) chloride +water+ Sulphur Dioxide---> iron(II) chloride+ sulphuric acid+ hydrochloric acid 

f) copper +sulphuric acid--> copper sulphate +water+ Sulphur dioxide.

g) iron(III)oxide +carbon monoxide--> iron+ carbon dioxide.

h) sodium sulphite +sulphuric acid--> sodium sulphate+ water+ Sulphur Dioxide.

I) Zinc+ Sodium Hydroxide--> Sodium zincate + hydrogen

j) aluminium +carbon dioxide--> Aluminium oxide+ carbon

k) sodium bicarbonate+ Aluminium Sulphate -->sodium sulphate +Ammonium hydroxide+ carbon dioxide.

l) calcium hydroxide +Ammonium Sulphate -->calcium sulphate +water+ ammonia

m) nitric acid +magnesium carbonate -->magnesium nitrate + water +carbon dioxide

n) iron(III) oxide+ sulphuric acid --> iron(III) sulphate+ water

o) zinc sulphide+ oxygen--> zinc oxide +Sulphur dioxide.

p) carbon+ nitric acid ---> carbon dioxide + water +Nitrogen dioxide

13) Match the different types of chemical reactions in column II with the meanings of the type of reaction in column I

COLUMN I

a) chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds react to form one new compound as a product.

b) A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound decomposes or splits up into two or more simpler substances. It is generally brought about by heat.

c) A chemical reaction which takes place when an element( Or radical) has replaced another element in a compound.

d) A chemical reaction in which two reactants are both decomposed to form new substances by exchanging their radicals.

e) A chemical reaction which employs a catalyst to alter the rate of reaction.

f) A chemical reaction in which the products formed the react together to form the original reactant depending on the conditions of the reaction.

g) A reaction in which a substance dissociates into two or more simpler substances on application of heat and reversible reaction.

h) a reaction which involves addition of oxygen or electronegative element or removal of hydrogen or electropositive element.

I) A reaction which involves of hydrogen or electropositive element or oxygen or removal of oxygen or electronegative element.

j) A chemical reaction which proceeds with evolution of heat energy.

k) A chemical reaction which proceeds with the absorption of heat energy.

l) A chemical reaction which proceeds with absorption of light energy.

COLUMN II

 i) Double decomposition 

ii) exothermic reaction 

iii) reversible reaction

iv) displacement reaction

v) combination or synthesis

vi) decomposition reaction

vii) thermal dissociation

viii) endothermic reaction

ix) catalytic reaction

x) Oxidation reaction

xi) photochemical reaction

xii) reduction reaction 

14) State the type of reaction/s to which each of the following belong.

a) Addition of zinc to copper sulphate solution.

b) Heat on lead nitrate crystals.

c) preparation of oxygen from potassium chlorate

d) conversion of ferrous chloride to ferric chloride using chlorine.

e) formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

f) Liberation of hydrogen at the cathode from acidified water.

g) manufacture of glucose by Green plants.

h) formation of nitric oxide from nitrogen and oxygen

I) addition of zinc to dilute sulphuric acid.

j) NH₄Cl <=> NH₃+HCl

k) 2KNO₃ ∆+ 2KNO₂+ O₂

          

                H₃PO₄

l) 2H₂ ------------->2H₂O+ O₂ 

m) PbBr₂ --> Pb²⁺ + 2Br¹⁻ (ions)

n) 2HgO ∆+ 2Hg + O₂

o) N₂O₄ ∆ <=> 2NO₂ 

p) AgNO₃ + KCl --> AgCl +KNO₃

q) Fe + S --> FeS

                  sunlight

r) H₂+ Cl ₂ -------------> 2HCl

s) C + H₂O --> CO + H ₂ - ∆

t) Cl₂+ 2KI --> 2KCl + I₂

    

                           ∆

u) 3Fe + 4H₂O <=> Fe₃O₄+ 4H₂

v) 2Cu+ O₂ --> 2CuO

w) Fe₂O₃ + 2AI --> Al₂O₃+ 2Fe

x) KNO₃+ H₂SO₄---> HNO₃+KHSO₄ 

y) 2FeCl₂ + Cl₂ ---> 2FeCl₃

z) Fe + H₂SO₄ ---> FeSO₄ + H₂

a') SO₂ + Cl₂ --> SO₂Cl₂ 

b') 3Ca + N₂ ---> Ca₃N₂ 

c') CuSO₄ + Fe --> FeSO₄+ Cu

d') 4HNO₃ --> 2H₂O + 4NO₂ + O₂

15) Find the OXIDATION and REDUCTION reaction as well as REDOX REACTION also find Oxidising AGENT and Reducing AGENT :::

a) Cu+ O₂--> 2CuO

b) CuO+ H₂--> Cu+ H₂O

c) H₂S+ Cl₂ --> S + 2HCl

d) Br₂+ H₂S ---> 2HBr + S

e) 2FeCl₂ + CI₂--> 2FeCl₃

f) 2FeCl₃+H₂S --> 2FeCl₂+ 2HCl+S

g) SO₂+ H₂O + Cl₂ --> H₂SO₄+2HCl

h) 2HgCl₂+SnCl₂ --> HgCl₂+ SnCl₂

i) H₂S+ 2FeCl₃--> 2FeCl₂+2HCl+S

j) 2FeCl₃+ SO₂+2H₂O--> 2FeCl₂++2HCl + H₂SO₄

k) Zn + H₂SO₄--> ZnSO₄+ H₂

l) Fe₂(SO₄)₃+2H₂O+ SO₂--> 2Fe₂SO₄ + 2H₂SO₄

m) Fe + S --> FeS

n)Cl₂+2H₂O+SO₂--> 2HCl+H₂SO₄

   

o) 2Mg+ SO₂ --> 2MgO +S

p) 2HNO₃ +SO₂--> 2NO₂+H₂SO₄

q) 2H₂S + SO₂ --> 2H₂O

r) 2KMnO₄ +5SO₂--> 2NMnSo₄ + K₂SO₄ + 2H₂SO₄

s) S + 2H₂SO₄--> 3SO₂ +2H₂O

t) K₂Cr₂O₇+H₂SO₄+ 3SO₂--> Cr₂(SO₄)₃+ K₂SO₄ +H₂O

16) Name the following::

a) a coloured gaseous oxidising agent.

b) A liquid oxidizing agent which on thermal decomposition in presence of a catalyst liberates oxygen.

c) a gaseous reducing agent containing oxygen.

d) An acid other than nitric and Sulphuric Acid which is an oxidising agent.

e) A gaseous reducing agent neutral in nature other than carbon monoxide.

f) an oxidising agent which liberates chlorine on heating with concentrated hydrochloric acid.

g) two neutral Gases which react to give a basic and the reaction is exothermic.

h) two neutral gases which react to give a neutral oxide and the reaction is exothermic.

I) A substance which decomposes by absorption of sound energy.

j) two substances which react explosively on close physical contact.

MOLECULAR WEIGHT (Numericals)

A) Find the Molecular weight:

(Ca=40, P=31, O=16, N=14, H=1, Na=23, C=12, Fe=56, Cu=64, S=32, Cl= 35.5, K=39, Al=27, Zn=65)

a) ZnCl₂                                   136

b) Ca₃(PO₄)₂                            310  

c) K₂Cr₂O₇                                294 

d) CO(NH₂)₂                             60 

e) Na₂CO₃.10H₂O                   286

f) Fe₂O₃                                    160 

g) CuSO₄                                 160

h) CHO₂                                     45  

I) NaSH₅O₄                               124

j) C₈H₆O₄                                  166

k) 2KNO₃                                 202 

l) K₃Fe(CN)₆ 

m) (NH₄)₂SO₄  

n) Al₂O₃  

o) K₃PO₄   

p) NH₂CONH₂  

q) (NH₄)PO₄

r) NH₄NO₃.                                  80

s) Na₃AlF₆                                  210

t) Mg(NO₃)₂                                256

u) Ca(H₂PO₄)₂                            234

v) Al₂(SO₄)₃                                342

w) Ag CrO₄                                 331.8

s) CuFeS₂                                  183.3

t) (NH₄)₂ PtCl₆                            444

u) Mg(HCO₃)₂ .                         146

v) CuSO₄. 5H₂O.                      250

w) Na₂SO₄.10H₂O.                    322

x) (CO(NH)₂)₂.                            60

y) (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇                  

z) 

2) calculate the weight of

a) 10.0g of sodium.     230.0

HYDROGEN

                 HYDROGEN

1) Name or state with reference to hydrogen-- the first element of the periodic table.

Name/state:

a) The period of the periodic table to which the element hydrogen belongs.

b) The two subgroups of the periodic table in which hydrogen can be placed.

c) The element in period 3 which is electropositive shows similarity to hydrogen.

d) The element in period 4 which is electronegative and shows similarity to hydrogen.

e) An element in period 2 which has the same atomicity as hydrogen.

f) An element which combines both hydrogen and halogens forming covalent compounds.

g) An electrovalent compound formed from an element in period 3 and hydrogen.

h) A Covalent gaseous compound formed from an element in period 3 and hydrogen

i) A covalent gaseous compound formed from an element in group IV A and hydrogen

j) An oxide of hydrogen which is neutral in nature.

k) The number of shared pairs of electrons in a diatomic molecule of hydrogen.

l) A non metallic element in group IA of the periodic table.

2) Complete the following sentence by filling in the blanks with appropriate word/s 

a) The first element hydrogen of the periodic table shows similarity with___ metals of group VII A.

b) Hydrogen shows electropositive character. Elements in group 1A are considered electropositive since they have a tendency to____one electron from its valency shell.

c) Hydrogen also shows electronegative character. Elements in group VII A are considered electronegative since they have a tendency to____ one electron forming an electronegative element.

d) The electronic configuration of the element in period 3 which has the same number of valence electrons as hydrogen.

e) The element in group 1A which has one electron less than the noble gas present in Period 1 of the periodic table is___.

f) Hydrogen is a diatomic molecule which has two atoms linked by a____ covalent bond. The element in group VII A which is also diatomic and exists in the liquid state at room temperature is______.

g) Halides of hydrogen and alkali metals yield____ ions in aqueous solution. During electrolysis these ions are discharged at the negative electrode i.e., cathode.

3) Give reasons for the following:

a) Hydrogen can be positioned in group 1A and group VII A of the periodic table.

b) Hydrogen can be represented as H¹⁺or as H¹⁻

4) MATCH the Column

Column -I

A) Lavoisier in 1783 established the name hydrogen

B) hydrogen does not occur

C) hydrogen is present in traces in

D) A compound one ninth by mass of which is hydrogen in the combined state is 

Column II

a) the atmosphere around Sun and stars 

b) water 

c) meaning water producer

d) in the free state on earth

5) Hydrogen is prepared from cold water, boiling water or steam by reaction with certain metals involving potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, Iron. Complete and balance the equations for the reactions of the above metals with metals with water by substituting the correct symbols in each case.    

A) Reaction with cold water

1) X + H₂O -> XOH +H₂ [X burns in air with a lilac flame]

2) Y + H₂O -> YOH + H₂ (Y burns in air to the golden yellow flame)

3) Z + H₂O -> Z(OH)₂ + H₂ (Z burns in air with a brick red flame)

B) Reaction with boiling water or steam:

1) Q+ H₂O -> QO + H₂ (QO is a basic oxide)

2) R + H₂O -> RO + H₂ (RO is an amphoteric oxide)

3) S + H₂O -> S₂O₃ + H₂ (S is a trivalent metal)

4) T + H₂O <=> T₃O₄ + H₂ (reaction of T with steam is reversible) 

6) hydrogen is also prepared by the action of metals on dilute acids and on alkalis. The metal is converted to its salt in gaseous hydrogen is liberated.

 Complete and balance the equations for the conversations on the following metals to their salts using an acid or an alkali.

a. Mg + ___ + ___(magnesium chloride) + H₂

b. Al + ___ -> ____(aluminium sulphate)+H₂.

c. Fe+ ___ -> ___(ferrous chloride) +H₂

d. Zn + ___ ->___(sodium zincate) + H₂

e. Pb+ __ ->___(sodium plumbate) +H₂

f. Al+ __ -> __ (Sodium aluminate) + H₂

g. Al + ___ -> ___(Potassium aluminate) + H₂

7) Give reason for the following:

a) Sodium and potassium are not preferred as the starting metals in the preparation of hydrogen from cold water.

b) Amalgamated sodium can be used in place of sodium in the above preparation.

c) Reaction of magnesium or aluminum with boiling water is comparatively slow and the reaction later comes to a stop.

d) The reaction in (c) above can be made proceed again by passage of steam over the red hot metal.

e) Reaction of magnesium with water moves in the forward direction only while that a iron with water(steam) is reversible reaction.

f) Dilute nitric acid is generally not used in the preparation of hydrogen from metals, however, magnesium reacts with very dilute nitric acid at low temperatures liberating hydrogen.

g) Dilute acids react with metals liberating hydrogen, even then lead is not used in the reaction with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid.

8) Name the following:

a) A metal which reacts exclusively with cold water liberating hydrogen.

b) A metal alloyed with sodium to give amalgamated sodium.

c) A metal which reacts very slowly with boiling water to liberate hydrogen.

d) A trivalent metal which displaces hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid.

e) The salt formed when iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid displacing hydrogen from it 

f) A metal which reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a salt insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water.

g) The salt formed when zinc reacts with caustic Potash liberating hydrogen.

h) A metal other than magnesium which reacts with very dilute nitric acid liberating hydrogen.

i) A metal which react with cold water forming a turbid solution.

j) Two metals which do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids.

9) In the Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen

a) Complete and balance the equation for the preparation of hydrogen. ___(metal) +__(dil) --> __(salt) + H₂

**Give reasons for the following:

b) Granulated zinc is preferred to pure zinc for the reaction with dilute acid.

c) The initial gas bubbles of hydrogen are allowed to escape out before the actual collection of hydrogen gas.

d) highly electropositive metals are not used in place of zinc in the preparation.

e) Concentrated hydrochloric acid is not preferred to dilute acid for reaction with zinc in the laboratory preparation.

f) A naked flame is never brought near the apparatus used in the laboratory preparation.

g) The lower end of the thistle funnel should dip below the level of the dilute acid in the flask.

h) Traces of copper(II) sulphate may be added to the reaction medium.

i) Hydrogen gas prepared in the laboratory has a peculiar smell.

j) Hydrogen is lighter than air, even then it is not collected over air, but by downward displacement of water.

10) Pure hydrogen is prepared by passage of the gas through various solutions which respectively absorb each impurity. Match the impurity with the solution which absorbs it.

IMPURITY

a) Arsine (AgH₃)

b) Phosphine (PH₃)

c) hydrogen sulphide(H₂S)

d) Nitrogen dioxide(NO₂)

e) Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)

f) moisture 

REMOVED BY

i) potassium hydroxide solution

ii) fused calcium chloride 

iii) silver nitrate solution 

iv) lead nitrate solution

**Preparation Of Hydrogen- Industrial Method:::

11) Complete the table pertaining to the production of hydrogen by the Bosch process involving three main steps...

STEP 1 Production of water gas

      X + H₂O ----> XO + H₂ ∆

• Equation: ____________

• X is white/red hot _______

• Temperature of the reaction__°C

• Reaction involves passage of ____ (water/steam) over X.

• Reaction is___ (exothermic/ endothermic).

• Resultant product of the reaction is water gas is a mixture of_____(XO) and hydrogen in the ratio ___:_____.

Step II Reduction of steam to hydrogen by XO :

  XO + H₂ + H₂O ----> XO₂+ 2H₂ ∆

• equation _______.

• the reactants are water gas and ___ (Limited/Excess)steam.

• temperature of the reaction is around_____°C.

• the catalyst used is ___(Z₂O₃)

• The Catalyst also used other than the one used in (d) above is ____

• ____(XO) is ____ (oxidised/ reduced) to ____(XO₂) with the further yield of hydrogen in the reaction in Step II.

• reaction in step II is ______ (exothermic/endothermic).

Step III: Removal of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from the mixture ::

Using X,Y and Z how are the gas separated.

X= potassium hydroxide

Y= water 

Z= Ammoniacal Cuprous chloride

Solution gas absorbed equation

  ----------- ------------------- -------

X= KOH

Y= water

Z= Ammoniacal CuCl₂ 

12) A method other than the one used above for manufacture of hydrogen involves electrolysis of neutral liquid (X) as the starting reactant.

a) name the neutral liquid.

b) give the equation for the same.

c) name the electrode at which is liberated.

d) state the reason for acidification of the neutral liquid.

e) Name another solution which on electrolysis liberates hydrogen as a by-product.

13) Using hydrogen as one of the reactants how would you obtain, show the equations

a) a neutral liquid using a neutral gas.

b) an acidic gas using another acetic gas.

c) A basic gas using an unreactive gas.

d) A acidic gas using vapours of a non metal.

e) A hydride using a monovalent active metal.

14) Hydrogen reduces certain metallic oxide to free metals. Give an equation of each of the following reactions.

write the equations for Reduction

a) A black basic oxide.

b) A yellow amphoteric oxide.

c) An oxide of iron.

15) NAME THE FOLLOWINGS:

a) the condition in which equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine react slowly producing hydrogen chloride.

b) the catalyst and the promoter used in the conversion of Nitrogen to form Ammonia using hydrogen.

c) the state of sulphur reacts with hydrogen forming hydrogen sulphide.

d) the phenomenon due to which certain metals eg., Palladium adsorb large volumes of hydrogen on their surface.

e) a catalyst used in hydrogenation reactions.

f) a product manufactured using the process of hydrogenation of oils

g) the product of oxidation of hydrogen formed during reduction of zinc oxide by hydrogen.

h) the product formed when pure hydrogen burns in oxygen.

I) a metallic oxide which is not reduced to its metal by hydrogen.

j) two colourless gases one of which is hydrogen which combines under suitable conditions to give another colourless gas.

16) GIVE REASON:

a) Nickel finds application in hydrogenation reaction eg., Hydrogenation of oil.

b) passage of hydrogen through vegetables oils under suitable conditions results in their solidification.

c) Pure hydrogen burns quietly while hydrogen-air mixture does not.

d) hydrogen can separated from a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide by liquification.

17) From the Activity series, NAME THE FOLLOWING:::

a) react violently with water liberating hydrogen.

b) does not react with steam or dilute hydrochloric acid.

c) is a divalent and displaces hydrogen from water.

d) displaces hydrogen from caustic soda but does not react with dil. HCL.

e) displaces hydrogen from dilute nitric acid.

f) does not react with dil. Sulphuric acid but reacts with steam liberating hydrogen.

g) displaces hydrogen from dilute HCl and dilute Sulphuric acid but not from nitric acid.

h) reacts violently when placed in any dilute acid.

I) displaces hydrogen from cold water forming a colourless solution.

j) displaces hydrogen from steam leaving behind an amphoteric residue.

18) GIVE REASON:

a) hydrogen gas can be tested by its from the combustibility in air.

b) If a jar containing hydrogen carbon dioxide mixture is placed over an empty the porous pot, the porous pot gets filled with hydrogen initially.

c) Two gas jars, containing oxygen and the other hydrogen can be identified with the glowing splinter, but not with the moist Litmus Paper.

c) hydrogen finds application as a constituent of important fuels.

d) hydrogen gas was initially used to study weather conditions

e) extraction of certain metals from their oxides may be carried out using hydrogen.

f) Oxy-hydrogen flames used in welding and cutting of metals produces high temperatures.

g) hydrogen finds application in the conversion of palm oil and solid fats.

SEED

DEFINITION:

a) Albuminous seed (Endoplasmic seed)

*b) Aleurone layer

*c) Caruncle

*d) Caryopsis

*e) Coleoptile

*f) Coleorrhize

g) Cotyledons(seed leeves)

*h) Dormancy

*i) Dormant seed

j) Embryo

*k) Embryonic axis(tigellum)

l) Endosperm

m) Epicotyl

n) Epigeal germination

o) Exalbuminous seed (non-endospermic seed)

p) Hilum

q) Hypocotyl

r) Hypogeal germination

*s) Mangrove plants

t) Micropyle

u) Plumule

v) Radicle

*w) Raphe

x) Seed

z) Seed coat

*a) Scutellum

b) Tegmen

c) Testa

d) Vivipary

QUESTIONS:

1) What conditions are essential for seed germination? Describe their importance.

2) How would you demonstrate that oxygen, water, temperature are necessary for seed to germinate ?

3) Why does a farmer plough his field and makes soil loose before sowing seeds?

DIFFERENTIATE

1) Epicotyl/Hypocotyl

2) Radicle/Plumule

*3) Coleorrhize/ Coleoptile

4) Bean seed/ Castor seed

5) Hypogeal/Epigeal germination

Draw labelled diagram showing the structure of the following seeds:

a) Bean

b) Castor

c) Maize

FUNCTIONS:

*a) Coleoptile

*b) Coleorrhize

*c) Aleurone layer

d) Seed coat

e) Micropyle

f) Endosperm

g) Radicle

h) Plumule

Give two examples each of seed:

a) Dicotyledonous albuminous.

b) Dicotyledonous Exalbuminous

c) Monocotyledonous albuminous

NAME THE FOLLOWING:

a) Food storage part in pea seed

b) Food storage part in castor seed.

c) Shield shaped Cotyledons in maize grain.

d) Fleshy whitish outgrowth at the micropylar end in castor seed.

e) Protective sheath covering Radicle in monocots.

FILL  IN THE BLANKS :

a) The non-endospermic seeds are also called as...(albuminous/Exalbuminous)

b) The inner layer of the Seed coat is called.....(testa/Tegmen)

c) The Plumule of the seed gives rise to...(shoot/root)

d) The germination in gram seed is....and that of bean seeds is ....(Hypogeal/Epigeal/viviporous)

*e) Caruncle is found in the seed of......(castor/pea)

f) Germination in Rhizosphora is....(viviporous/Epigeal)

g) The upper part of the embryo axis is called the...(Radicle/Plumule)

h) In... germination,the cotyledons remain under or just on surface of the soil.(Hypogeal/Epigeal)

True/false:

a) The protein-rich layer of endosperm in general grains is called Scutellum.

b) The outer layer of Seed coat is called testa.

c) Wheat grain is an Exalbuminous monocot seed.

d) In Hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain below the ground surface.

e) The scar on Seed coat where the seed is attached to its stalk(funicle) is called Hilum.

ACID, BASE AND SALT

A)  FILL IN THE BLANKS by using the correct word or word/words given within the brackets:

a) A reaction between a base and an acid in their solutions to produce salts and water only is called .....reaction. (double decompositio /neutralization)

b) All nitrates of metals are___.

                         (soluble/insoluble) 

c) Sodium chloride(NaCl) is___ salt.  ( hydrated and anhydrous)

d) Chemical name of of washing soda is  ___.(sodium carbonate/ sodium sulphatephate )

e) Sodium potassium sulphate is a____(complex salt/ mixed salt)

f) The number of replaceable hydroxide ions (OH-) formed by one molecule of a base in water is known as --- (acidity/basicity)

g) An acid used to remove ink-stains is __.

              ( nitric acid/oxalic acid)

h) Ammonium chloride is a soluble salt prepared by_____.

       (precipitation/neutralization)

B) NAME THE FOLLOWING:

1) Three metal that can form bases when treated with water.

2) A strong acid containing chlorine.

3) Two Dibasic acids containing sulphur.

4) Two monobasic acids containing nitrogen.

5) Products obtained when lime water dries up.

6) Two deliquescent substances.

7) Two afflorescent  substances.

8) Chemical name and chemical formula of washing soda.

9) Chemical name and chemical formula of Glauber's salt.

10) Chemical name chemical formula of Epsom salt.

11) A metal sulphate other than lead and barium, insoluble in water.

12) An acid used as a flavour and to reserve food.

13) An acid used in aerated drinks.

14) An acid used to remove ink spots.

15) An acid used as an eye-wash.

16) The ion responsible for the blue colour of an aqueous solution of a salt.

17) A salt of zinc which is efflorescent.

18)  A basic oxide which is soluble in water.

19) A hydroxide which is highly soluble in water.

20) A basic oxide which is insoluble in water.

21) A hydroxide which is insoluble in water.

22) A weak mineral acid.

23) A base which is not an alkali.

24) A monobasic base.

25) A crystalline salt which does not contain water of crystallization.

26)  An acid used in cooking food.

27) Two bases which are not alkalis, i.e., insoluble bases.

28) A normal salt and an acid salt of the same acid.

29) A salt insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water.

C) STATE whether TRUE or FALSE

1) Among CH₃COO and OH⁻ ions, OH⁻ ion is stronger.

2) A solution with pH less than zero or greater than 14 cannot be prepared.

3) The more acidic the solution, the greater its pH.

4) Alkalis do not precipitate insoluble metal hydroxide from their salt solution.

5) Oxalic acid age used in cooking.

6) Boric acid is used as an eye-wash.

7) Mineral acids are inorganic acids.

8) An acid which contains oxygen along with hydrogen and one more element is called hydracid.

9) Dilute acids do not react with metallic oxides.

10) Most of the mineral acids have corrosive action on skin.

D) CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER from a,b,,c,d

1) If some acid is added is added to an aqueous solution solution, its pH will:

a) increase                 b)decrease

c) remains the same 

d) first increase and then decrease.

2) An acid is is called strong acid if it:

a) ionizes almost completely

b) react only on heating

c) react even at room temperature

d) none of these these.

3) If the pH of a solution is 5, it is:

a) strongly acidic     b) basic 

c) neutral     d) weakly acidic

4) Tartaric acid is used:

a) in a baking powder

b) as an eye-wash

c) in cooking 

d) to remove ink-stains

5) Acetic acid is:

a) a normal acid

b) a weak acid 

c) a strong acid

d) neither weak nor strong acid.

6)  Ammonium nitrate on heating decomposes to give.

a) nitrogen dioxide and oxygen

b) nitrous oxide and water

c) nitrogen dioxide and water

d) nitrous oxide and oxygen.

7) In the laboratory,Lead(II) nitrate is prepared by:

a) dilute HCl and lead(II) carbonate.

b) dilute nitric acid and lead(II) carbonate.

c) dilute sulphuric acid and lead(II) carbonate.

d) concentrated nitric acid and lead (II) carbonate.

8) Base Calcium hydroxide is used:

a) in removing grease stains

b) in softening water

c) in fire extinguishers

d) as an antacid.

9) A normal salt:

a) contains one replaceable hydrogen atom in its molecule

b) exhibits the properties of an acid.

c) does not exhibit the properties of an acid.

d) contains three replaceable hydrogen atoms in its molecule.

10) Mohr's salt, FeSO₄(NH₄)₂SO₄.6H₂O  is a:

a) basic salt           b) double salt

c) mixed salt          c) Complex salt

11) Which of the following hydroxide is a not an alkali.

a) Ammonium hydroxide.

b) Calcium hydroxide

c) Copper hydroxide

d) Sodium hydroxide.

E) DEFINE:

a) Water of crystallization

b) Anhydrous.

c) acid 

d) Acid anhydride

e) Alkalis

f) Acid salt

g) base

h) Dibasic acids

i) Diabasic base

j) double salt

k) deliquescent substances

l) efflorescent substances

m) Hydracid

n) monobasic acid

o) monoacidic base

p) Mixed salt

q) neutralisation

r) normal salt

s) Oxyacids

t) strong acid

u) strong base

v) salts

w) weak acid

x) weak base

y) Triacidic base

z) Tribasic acids.

a) pH scale

F) REASON BEHIND:

a) Hydrochloric acid considered as a strong whereas acetic acid is a weak acid.

b) Sodium hydroxide is a monobasic acid.

c) Universal indicator is more meaningful than an ordinary indicator.

G) GIVE ONE TEST THE DIFFERENCE:

a) Sodium nitrate solution and the sodium chloride solution.

b) Iron(III) chloride sodium chloride solution and copper chloride solution. 

) QUESTION

a) In what factors does the strength of an acid depend!

b) Give chemical names of the following

I) blue vitriol 

ii) white vitriol

c) What is the action of hot Alkalis on an Ammonium salt? Give one action.

d) What do you understand by this statement: Acetic acid is a monobasic acid?

e) When a dilute acid reacts with a metal, a gas is produced. What is the name of this gas?

f) How would you obtain an acid from a non-metal ? Give Equation.

g) How would you obtain a base from a metal oxide ? Give Equation.

h) Two acids A and B have pH values 1 and 5 respectively. Which is a stronger acid. A or B?

i)  Write the balanced equation for the following reaction: chlorine gas is passed through an aqueous solution of iron((II) sulphate acidified dilute sulphuric acid.

j) What is observed when neutral litmus solution is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate solution?

k) Write balanced chemical chemical equation for the following reaction reaction

i) Calcium bicarbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid

ii) Lead chloride from lead nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution.

MACHINE

MACHINES

A) Fill in the blanks:

1) The resistive force to be  overcome by a machine is called _____(effort/load)

2) The mechanical advantage of a Lever of class III is always____ then Unity.(less/more)

3) The mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of class II levers are always____ then one.(Less/more)

4) The mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of class III Levers are always___ then one. (Less/more)

5) A crowbar is a lever of____(class I/classII)

6) The M. A of the block and tackle is equal to the number of pulleys in___ (upper block/ both blocks)

7) The number of pulleys in a block and tackle system having M.A as 5 is___(four/five)

8) The velocity ratio of the block and tackle system having 6 pulleys is____(six/seven)

9) the gear wheel closer to source of power is called____ gear. (driven/driving)

10) A single_____pulley is used to change the direction of the effort. (movable/fixed)

B) State whether True/False

1) A machine can be used as a speed multiplier.

2) In an ideal machine, MA< VR

3) A machine always has efficiency less than 100%.

4) A mechanical advantage of a machine can be less than one.

5) A machine can have mechanical advantages greater than the velocity ratio.

6) A single movable pulleys acts as a force multiplier.

7) A single fixed pulley helps to apply the the effort in a convenient direction.

8) A single fixed pulley is used because it has low velocity ratio.

9) In a block and tackle system system, the velocity ratio is always always less than the number of strands strands of tackle supporting the load.

10) In case of a block block and tackle system, the mechanical advantage increases with the  increase in number of pulleys.

C) Define the following:

1) Machine?

2) Ideal machine ?

3) Lever

4) Pulley

5) Inclined plane

6) Gear

7) Inclined plane.

8) Mechanical advantage.

9) Velocity ratio

10) efficiency of a machine

11) 

) Give a relation between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, efficiency of a machine.

2) a) State three functions of a machine.

b) Give an example for each of the uses mentioned in above.

4) State four ways in which machines are useful to us.

6) Why is a machine machine not 100% efficient?

7)

8) State the principle of a Lever.

9) Name the three classes of levers. give two examples of each.

10) Give the the class of lever which which of the following belong:

a) Nut cracker 

b) lemon squeezer

c) physical balance

d) See-saw 

e) Coal-tongs 

f) wheel barrow 

g) row of the boat

h) opening of a door.

i) forceps

j) human arm

k) punching machine.

l) ice tongs

m) fishing -rod 

n) crowbar 

o) motorcar foot brake

p) opening a box

q) fire tongs

11) Give one example each of class-I lever where mechanical advantage is:

a) more than one, and 

b) less than one

12) What type of lever is formed by the human arm while raising a land from a table placed in front? Where is the position of fulcrum.

13) State the mechanical advantage and the velocity ratio class 1 Levers.

14) Write down a relation expressing the mechanical advantage of a lever.

15) Why mechanical advantage class II levers is always more than one while that of class III Levers is less than one?

16) 

17) What is the mechanical advantage of a single fixed pulley.

18) What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a single fixed pulley single fixed pulley.

18) Give one use of a a single fixed pulley.

20) In what direction the force need to be e applied when a single pulley is used with a mechanical advantage greater than one?

21) What is the mechanical advantage of a single movable pulley in the ideal case?

22) What is the unit of mechanical advantage? justify your answer.

23)

24) Give an expression for determining mechanical advantage of an inclined plane.

25) A block and tackle system consists of a combination of two pulleys in the upper block and two pulleys in the lower block. what is the mechanical advantage of the system?

26) What is a 

27) Define gear ratio. What is its importance?

28) Define mechanical advantages of a gear. State its unit.

29) Give the relationship between the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a machine.

30) Give two reason reasons why the  efficiency of a single movable pulley system is not 100%.

31) What is the relationship between the mechanical advantage and the velocity ratio for:

a) an ideal machine 

b) a practical machine ?

32) Explain why scissors for cutting cloth may have blades much longer then the handles; but shears for cutting metals have short blades and long handles.

33) Define an 

34) What is the principle of of work as applied to a machine?

35) Explain the term 

36) There is no mechanical advantage of a single pulley. Why is it called a machine at all ?

37) Name the four major types of gears and state one use of each.

38) Why the cutting edges Scissors are made longer longer as compared to cutting to a metal cutter.

39) The following are examples of levers. State the class of lever to which one belongs to giving the relative position of load ,effort and fulcrum.

a) Scissors 

b) Sugar tongs

c) Nut cracker

d) Pliers

40) Which class of lever has a mechanical advantages always less than one ? Explain briefly with a diagram why their mechanical advantages less than 1.

41) To use a machine as a force multiplier,. What type (class) of lever should preferably be used? Draw a sketch of such a lever.

42) A pair of scissors and a pairs of pliers belong to the same class of levers

a) which one has a mechanical advantage less than 1.

b) State the usefulness of such a a machine whose mechanical advantage is less than 1.

43) Write two difference between the Lever of of the first order second order and third order.

44) Give reasons:

a) In a practical machine, the velocity ratio is always more than the mechanical advantage.

b) The efficiency of a machine is less than 100%

c) In the case of a block and tackle arrangement, mechanical advantage increases with the number of pulleys.

45) What is single movable pulley? Calculate its M. A. Why is it more convenient to use it with a fixed pulley?

** QUESTIONS BASED ON DIAGRAM:

D) 

1) In figure, a bottle is being opened with a bottle opener.

a) mark the fulcrum and label it F.

b) draw an arrow and labelled W to show the direction of the resistance (load)

c) draw an arrow, labelled E, to show the direction of the effort.

d) Which class of the lever is the bottle opener?

e) Give an example of the same class of lever.

2) Shows a Wheel-barrow.

a) mark the fulcrum.

b) mark the direction and point of action of effort.

c) state the class of lever it belongs to.

d) give one more example of this type of lever 

3) Recognise the class of lever of the device shown in the figure given :

a) Give one more example of this class.

b) Is mechanical advantages more or less than 1 ?

4) Shows a pulley arrangement:

a) In the diagram, mark the directions of the forces, due to tension, acting on the pulley A.

b) What is the purpose of the pulley B ?

c) If the tension is T newton , deduce the relation between T and E. Calculate the velocity ratio of the arrangement .

c) Assuming that the efficiency of the system is 100%, what is its mechanical advantage ?

d) calculate the value of E.

5) Show the diagram of a system four pulleys . The upper two pulleys are fixed and the lower two are movable.

a) Draw a string around the Pulleys. Also, show the place in the direction in which the effort is applied.

b) Draw an arrow to represent tension in each trend.

c) What is the mechanical advantages of system ?

d) what is the velocity ratio of the system ?

e) what assumption do you make in arriving at your answer in part (d)?

6) Show a block and tackle system of pulleys used to lift a load .

a) How many strands of tackle are supporting the load ?

b) Draw arrow to represent tension in each strand.

c) What is the mechanical advantages of the system ?

d) When load is pulled up by a distance 1m, how much does the effort end move ?

7) Show an arrangement of four pulleys . A load L is attached to the movable lower block and effort E is applied at free end of the string.

 Copy the diagram and 

a) Draw arrows to indicate tension in each part of the string;

b) calculate the mechanical advantages of the system.

8) The diagram show in figure gives an arrangement of single moving pulleys.

Copy the diagram. If the effort applied at the free end of the string ie E:

a) Show the direction and magnitude of the forces exerted by the four strings marked 1 to 4.

b) What is the load which can be lifted by the effort ?

c) Calculate the mechanical advantages of the system of pulleys .

9) Shows a weightless lever in equilibrium. Neglect at the fulcrum F.

a) State the principle of momentums as applied to the above lever 

b) Define mechanical advantages and calculate its value for the given lever.

c) Name the type of lever which has mechanical advantage greater than 1.

10) Shows a diagram consists of 5 pulleys .

a) copy the diagram and completed it by drawing a string around the pulleys . Mark the position of load and effort.

b) If the load is raised by 1m, through what distance will the effort move?

11) Show the combination of a movable Pulley P₁ with a fixed P₂ used for lifting up a load W.

a) State the function of the fixed Pulley P₁ .

b) if the free end of the string moves through a distance x, find the distance by which the load W is raised.

c) calculate the force to be applied at C to just raise the load W= 20 kgf, neglecting the weight of the pulley P₁ and friction.

E) Tick the correct answers:

1) The ratio of the magnitude of load overcome to the magnitude of effort is called:

a) mechanical advantage 

b) efficiency c) velocity ratio d) n

2) The ratio of the output by the machine to the input on the machine is called :

a) mechanical advantage

b) velocity ratio c) efficiency d) n

3)  Mechanical advantage(M. A), load(L) and effort (E) are related as

a) M.A= L x E     b) L= M. A x E

c) E= M. A x L    d) none

4) For an ideal machine, the ratio of mechanical advantage(M. A) to the velocity ratio(V. R) is

a) greater than one b) less than 1 

c) equal to one 

d) depend on the value of load.

5) The correct relationship between M. A., V. R. and efficiency is

a) M. A= E x V. R b) V. R= E x M. A

c) E= M. Ax V. R  d) none

6) The correct relationship between velocity ratio, distance moved by load and distance moved by effort is:

a) velocity of load/velocity of effort

b) V. R= dₗ/dₑ  

c) V.R= dₑ/dₗ 

d) V.R= dₑ x dₗ

7) In a class 1 Lever:

a) fulcrum is between the load and effort.

b) load is between the fulcrum and effort.

c) effort is between the load and fulcrum.

d) fulcrum, load and effort are at one point.

8) The mechanical advantage of a class 1 Lever:

a) is zero    b) is greater than one

c) is less than one 

d) can have any value.

8) The Lever for which the mechanical advantages is always less than 1 has:

a) fulcrum between the load and effort.

b) load between effort and fulcrum

c) effort between fulcrum and load

d) load and effort acting at the same point.

10) A single fixed Pulley is used because it:

a) has a high mechanical advantage.

b) has a low velocity ratio.

c) gives 100% efficiency.

d) helps to apply the force in a convenient direction.

11) for Greater efficiency at block and tackle Pulley system:

a) the fulcrum is between the load and effort.

b) the load is between the fulcrum and effort.

c) the effort is between the fulcrum and load.   D) none

12) In a block and tackle system, the velocity ratio is:

a) equal to the number of strands of tackle supporting the load.

b) equal to the number of strands of upper block.

c) less than the number of strands of lower block.     d) none

13) For Greater efficiency of a block and tackle Pulley system:

a) the upper block should be heavier than the lower block.

b) the upper and lower blocks should be equal weight.

c) the lower block should be heavier than the upper block.

d) the weight of a rope should be equal to the weight of pulleys.

TRANSPIRTATION

A) FILL IN THE BLANKS :::

a) When the water content of the soil is low, the rate of Transpiration.....(increases/decreases)

b) The lower atmospheric pressure...... the rate of Transpiration.

c) The greater the leaf area the.... will be the rate of Transpiration.

d) The greater the stomatal aperture, ..... is the rate of Transpiration.

e) The greater is the humidity of air, the.......is the rate of Transpiration.

f) The higher is the temperature of air, the....is the rate of Transpiration.

g) The chemical used to reduce rate of Transpiration are called.....

h) The process in plants which is considered as ' price paid ' for photosynthesis is......

i) ...... has cooling effect on the leaves.

j) In Nerium, the stomata are present in.....

k) Loss of water through hydathodes is called....

l) Transpiration takes place through..... and.....

m) The presence of water can be detected by anhydrous.....

n) A ....... has two guard cells containing chloroplast.

o) Exchange of gases take through......

p) In submerged aquatic plants, stomata are....

q) The leaves of the..... plants have cuticular wax.

r) Potometer is an instrument which is used for measuring the rate of.......

s) .......is the process by which water is lost generally from leaves in the form of vapours.

t) The three types of Transpiration are.... , .... and.. Transpiration.

u) With an increase in the surface area of the leaves, the rate of Transpiration.......

v) Root pressure can be measured with a......

B) COMPLETE THE STATEMENT:::

a) Thick cuticle : .......

b) Stomata : Transpiration : :  Hydathodes :  ........

C) NAME THE FOLLOWING :::::

a) The structures which Transpiration takes place.

b) An experiment to demonstrate Transpiration.

c) Tiny epidermal pores through which guttation takes place.

d) The plants in which stomata are absent.

e) The plants having sunken stomata.

f) Time when stomata are open.

g) Time when stomata are generally closed.

h) A plant in which stomata are sunken.

i) Bean-shaped nucleated cell with chloroplast found around the stomatal opening in the leaves.     Or

  The cells which control the opening and closing of stomata.

j) The loss of water vapour from the aerial parts of a plant

      OR

The process by which the aerial parts of a green plant give out water as water vapour.

k) The apparatus to measure the rate of Transpiration.

      OR

An instrument used to measure the absorption of water due to Transpiration.

l) The paper which is used to show loss of water through stomata of a leaf.

m) Permanently open pores on the stem of a plant.   OR

   Aerating pores formed in the bark.     OR

Opening on the stem through which Transpiration occurs

       OR.  Respiratory opening found on the stem of Woody plants.

n) The process in which a plant loses its water in the form of liquid through hydathodes.     OR

Loss of water as droplets from the margins of certain leaves.      OR

The process by which plants lose water in the form of droplets.

o) Minute opening formed in the epidermal layer of green leaves.      OR

Structure through which most of the Transpiration takes place.     OR

Opening found on the under surface of dorsiventral leaves.

OR.    

Microscopic pores which are surrounded by two kidney-shaped guard cells and concerned with gaseous exchange.

p) An apparatus to compare the rate of Transpiration in cut shoot.

q) Exudation of sap from injured parts of a plant.

r) List three anatomical adaptations of the leaf that check excessive Transpiration.    OR

What adaptations do plants have to minimize water loss. OR

List three devices by which the plants tend to reduce Transpiration.

s) Mention one condition in which stomatal opening gets closed.

t) List three conditions that favor (accelerate) Transpiration

u) List the factors affecting the rate of Transpiration.

v) Name three different kinds of structures of a plant from where Transpiration occurs.

w) List three ways a plant Transpires OR

Name three types of Transpiration.

x) What is wilting ? What are the causes of this conditions

y) What is the relationship between the rate of water absorption and the rate of Transpiration ?

z) Are Xylem vessels living or dead ?

a) What is Ganong's Potometer used for? Write any two limitations of this apparatus.

b) Give the exact location and one function of epidermis of plants.

c) Give the exact location and one function of Stomata.

D)         MATCH THE FOLLOWING ::::

       COLUMN.1.                                   COLUMN.2

a) Transpiration.                             i)  Cacti plants

b) Movement of water.                ii) Stomata

c) Guttation.                                    iii) Maize plant

d) Low rate of Transpiration.      v) Xylem

e) High rate of Transpiration.     vi) Hydathodes

E) REASON BEHIND::::

a) Why does Transpiration generally occur during day time?

b) Why do plants absorb more water than what is required by them.

c) Why do young plants wilt on a hot windy day ?

d) Why , during the day, Transpiration and photosynthesis are interlinked

e) Why , it is advisable not to sleep under a tree at night.

g) Why is Transpiration considered as a necessary evil ?

F) DEFINITION :::

a) Guttation

b) Stomatal Transpiration

c) Stomata

d) Ant-transpirants

e) Lenticular Transpiration.

f) Wilting

G) FUNCTION ::::

a) Stomata

b) Guard cells

c) Sunken stomata

d) Hydathodes

e) Lenticels

H) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN::::

a) Transpiration/Evaporation

b) Transpiration/ Guttation